Table 2

Main concepts, constructs and components of actor engagement dynamics

Concept/construct/componentDefinitionExample
ActorsIndividuals or group of individuals (Barrera Rodriguez et al., 2023, p. 3)Individual members of FFF, national or local chapters of FFF, FFF as a global movement, the media, individual politicians or politicians as a collective group
Actor engagementBoth the actor’s disposition to engage and the activity of engaging in an interactive process of resource integration within the institutional context provided by a service ecosystem (Storbacka et al., 2016, p. 3009)The resources of FFF, such as members, financial means, knowledge and legitimacy, and the investment of these resources in climate protection over time, which are shaped by reciprocal interactions with other actors, such as politicians, organizations and the media, as well as by surrounding values, norms and rules for, instance in a specific country
A dynamic and interactive process that reflects actors’ disposition to invest resources in their interaction with other connected actors in a service system (Brodie et al., 2019, p. 2)
Actor engagement dynamicsAn ongoing process of the actor’s changing disposition to invest resources and changing activity of investing resources in their interaction with other connected actors in a service systemThe changes in resources of FFF, such as members, financial means, knowledge and legitimacy, and the changes in the investment of these resources in climate protection over time, which are shaped by reciprocal interactions with other actors, such as politicians, organizations and the media, as well as surrounding values, norms and rules, for instance in a specific country
Dynamic elements of engagementThe attributes of the engagement construct that can change over time (engagement disposition and activity of engaging)The engagement disposition of FFF is constituted, for example, by its members, including their knowledge, experience and willingness to invest time and effort in climate protection efforts, as well as by the availability of material resources such as donations and equipment like stages and sound systems for protest activities, which can change over time
The activity of engaging of FFF is expressed, for example, through protests, interactions with scientists and politicians and radical protest actions such as the blockade of companies. Changes from protests to constructive activities and to very radical actions represent shifts in the activity of engaging of FFF
Triggers of engagement dynamicsFactors influencing the actor’s engagementInternal factors influencing changes in FFF’s engagement include, for instance, the interplay and self-reinforcing spiral between the increasing number of members and the activities carried out, such as protests, rallies and media appearances
Triggers can be differentiated in internal factor triggering internally caused engagement dynamics and external factors triggering externally caused engagement dynamics
 External factors influencing changes in FFF’s engagement include, for example, the intensification of climate change phenomena (such as floods or heatwaves), shifts in climate policy, internal developments within FFF, the actions of media, corporations, NGOs and NPOs, the introduction of climate protection regulations and evolving societal norms and values related to climate action
Internal triggers are the dynamic elements of engagement
External triggers are factors outside of the focal actor: focal object, other engagement objects, other actors and their relationships, institutions and institutional arrangements
Engagement dynamic mechanismsCauses of action, involved in and responsible for changes to the dynamic elements, initiated by other dynamic elements or external triggers (interaction, spillover, crossover, iterative nature, crowding-in effect, spiral effect)For example, the mutual conditioning of activities between FFF and other actors such as the media or politicians, as well as the transfer of engagement from FFF members to other individuals who subsequently become members of FFF
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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