Table 2 Descriptive statistics Variable... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Descriptive statistics

Variable	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Trade	31.038	13.436	8.524	85.758
Environmental tax	1.06	0.698	0.01	3.11
Carbon emission (CO₂)	3.65	0.558	2.696	5.652
Energy usage	2.66	0.144	2.049	3.449
Foreign direct investment	3.988	4.818	−17.292	37.323
Agricultural growth	18.986	12.64	1.054	64.354
GDP growth	3.639	4.405	−20.805	21.079
Political stability	3.332	0.454	2	4.5
Government effectiveness	−0.667	0.593	−1.756	1.15
Control of corruption	−0.57	0.635	−1.645	1.017
Rule of law	−0.555	0.585	−1.822	1.024
Regulatory quality	−0.536	0.559	−1.733	1.197

Variable	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Trade	31.038	13.436	8.524	85.758
Environmental tax	1.06	0.698	0.01	3.11
Carbon emission (CO₂)	3.65	0.558	2.696	5.652
Energy usage	2.66	0.144	2.049	3.449
Foreign direct investment	3.988	4.818	−17.292	37.323
Agricultural growth	18.986	12.64	1.054	64.354
GDP growth	3.639	4.405	−20.805	21.079
Political stability	3.332	0.454	2	4.5
Government effectiveness	−0.667	0.593	−1.756	1.15
Control of corruption	−0.57	0.635	−1.645	1.017
Rule of law	−0.555	0.585	−1.822	1.024
Regulatory quality	−0.536	0.559	−1.733	1.197

Source(s): Authors’ compilation, 2025