Table 3 Key measures of SM associated...

Table 3

Key measures of SM associated with RL practices

	Key Measure	Short description of relevant RL practice/s (remanufacturing, redesign, recover, reuse and reduce) with supporting reference/s
Economic dimension	Usage/Cost of Raw materials	Redesign to reduce components [1], process design to reduce/eliminate hazardous materials [2]
		Recycling of materials to reduce consumption of virgin materials [1] [3]
		Reuse of materials within the product to reduce virgin material/s [1], reusing packaging to reduce raw materials [4]
		Reduce the use of raw materials by maintaining the product characteristics [4]
	Energy consumption/Cost	Remanufacturing process, supported by IoT-based energy management system reduces energy use [5]
		Products can be redesigned to reduce energy consumption [6]
		Recycled plastics consumed less energy with optimised processes [7]
		Reuse of components of significantly high PUV can reduce energy consumption [1]
		Reduce energy consumption using advanced technologies such as I4.0 [8]
Environmental dimension	Waste (Energy, materials, water) generation	Re-manufacturability offers an opportunity for resource conservation [9] and enables lower waste and emissions [10]
		Sustainable design reduces waste by extending its life through reuse [9]
		Recovery of products through waste management reduces the need for raw materials [4]
		Recycling of materials mitigates the negative environmental impact [9]
		Reuse of products reduces waste and minimises product's adverse environmental impact [9]
	CO₂ emission	Recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from some materials in manufacturing processes [10]
	CO₂ emission	RL implementation limits waste and reduces CO₂ emissions [11]
Social dimension	Level of social acceptability	Sustainable manufacturing, with stakeholder involvement, increases product acceptability [12]
		Improvements in product lifespan through redesign enhance social acceptability [9]
		Recycling of products increases social acceptability [9]
		Recycling helps preserve the environment for future generations [11]
	Health and safety issues	Sustainable manufacturing and RL practices contribute to safer products and working environments, benefiting both consumers and employees [13]
		Recover and reuse of e-waste products and banning the use of certain substances require regulations and compliance [4]
		Recycling reduces open landfills and thereby has less impact on health and the environment [3]

	Key Measure	Short description of relevant RL practice/s (remanufacturing, redesign, recover, reuse and reduce) with supporting reference/s
Economic dimension	Usage/Cost of Raw materials	Redesign to reduce components [1], process design to reduce/eliminate hazardous materials [2]
		Recycling of materials to reduce consumption of virgin materials [1] [3]
		Reuse of materials within the product to reduce virgin material/s [1], reusing packaging to reduce raw materials [4]
		Reduce the use of raw materials by maintaining the product characteristics [4]
	Energy consumption/Cost	Remanufacturing process, supported by IoT-based energy management system reduces energy use [5]
		Products can be redesigned to reduce energy consumption [6]
		Recycled plastics consumed less energy with optimised processes [7]
		Reuse of components of significantly high PUV can reduce energy consumption [1]
		Reduce energy consumption using advanced technologies such as I4.0 [8]
Environmental dimension	Waste (Energy, materials, water) generation	Re-manufacturability offers an opportunity for resource conservation [9] and enables lower waste and emissions [10]
		Sustainable design reduces waste by extending its life through reuse [9]
		Recovery of products through waste management reduces the need for raw materials [4]
		Recycling of materials mitigates the negative environmental impact [9]
		Reuse of products reduces waste and minimises product's adverse environmental impact [9]
	CO₂ emission	Recycling reduces the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from some materials in manufacturing processes [10]
	CO₂ emission	RL implementation limits waste and reduces CO₂ emissions [11]
Social dimension	Level of social acceptability	Sustainable manufacturing, with stakeholder involvement, increases product acceptability [12]
		Improvements in product lifespan through redesign enhance social acceptability [9]
		Recycling of products increases social acceptability [9]
		Recycling helps preserve the environment for future generations [11]
	Health and safety issues	Sustainable manufacturing and RL practices contribute to safer products and working environments, benefiting both consumers and employees [13]
		Recover and reuse of e-waste products and banning the use of certain substances require regulations and compliance [4]
		Recycling reduces open landfills and thereby has less impact on health and the environment [3]

Source(s): [1]Kuik et al. (2017), [2] Abdul-Rashid et al. (2017), [3] Alzlzly (2023), [4] Romero-Hernández and Romero (2018), [5] Chau et al. (2021), [6] Garetti and Taisch (2012), [7] Ghadge et al. (2021), [8] De Alwis et al. (2024), [9] Mengistu et al. (2024), [10] Enyoghasi and Badurdeen (2021), [11] Alzlzly (2023), [11] Prajapati et al. (2023), [12] Abdulrahman et al. (2014), [13] Sun et al. (2024)

Authors' compilation based on the cited references

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