Table 5.

Factor structure – livelihood strategies and sustainable livelihood outcome – improved well-being

CodesItemsFactor loadings
 Tourism-related activities 
LSTRA1I earn income from engaging in tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work0.767
LSTRA2Engaging in tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work is sufficient to cater for my basic needs0.793
LSTRA2I find life difficult because of my dependence on tourism-related activities for sustenance in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work0.795
 Non-tourism-related activities 
LSNTA1I earn income from engaging in non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work0.752
LSNTA2Engaging in non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work has positively influenced my ability to afford basic needs0.932
LSNTA3Earning income from non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work helps me meet other expenses with ease0.886
 Sustainable livelihood outcome (improved well-being) 
SLWB1I feel I am in control of my life0.010
SLWB2I feel I have a purpose in life0.069
SLWB3I feel hopeful about the future0.555
SLWB4I feel safe from violence at home0.676
SLWB5I feel safe from violence in the park-adjacent community where I live/work0.652
SLWB6I have enough money to meet my needs0.053
SLWB7I am able to ask someone for help in case I have a problem0.546
SLWB8I feel able to live my life the way I want0.599
SLWB9I enjoy my personal life0.790
SLWB10I am happy with the quality of my sleep0.732
SLWB11I am happy with the state of my physical health0.831
SLWB12I have no problem with my mental health0.629
SLWB13I contribute to and have some control over community life  0.541
SLWB14I am happy with my friendships and personal relationships0.817
SLWB15I am able to ask someone for help in case I have a problem0.773
Source(s): Primary data

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