Table 7.

Manifest variables used in SEM

FactorCodeMeasurement item
Tourism-related activities (TRACT)LSTRA1I earn income from engaging in tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work
LSTRA2Engaging in tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work is sufficient to cater for my basic needs
LSTRA3I find life difficult because of my dependence on tourism-related activities for sustenance in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work
Non-tourism-related activities (NOTRA)LSNTA1I earn income from engaging in non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work
LSNTA2Engaging in non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work has positively influenced my ability to afford basic needs
LSNTA3Earning income from non-tourism-related activities in the national park–adjacent community where I live/work helps me meet other expenses with ease
Sustainable livelihood outcomes (improved well-being)SLWB4I feel able to do the things I choose to do
SLWB5I contribute to and have some control over community life
SLWB7I am able to ask someone for help in case I have a problem
SLWB10I feel safe from violence at home
SLWB11I have no problem with my mental health
SLWB13I feel able to live my life the way I want
SLWB12I have enough money to meet my needs
SLWB14I enjoy my personal life
SLWB15I am happy with the quality of my sleep
Source(s): Researchers’ own construction
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