Results from the coding process
| Open coding (sustainability Challenges) | First-order concepts (sustainability challenges) | Second-order themes (critical sustainability factors) | Dimensions (triple bottom Line) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⁃Supplier is unable to deliver the ordered quantity (ER4) | Inventory Updating | Storage | Economic |
| ⁃Changes in product assortment (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Expired items are not removed promptly (OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Stock adjustments are made manually (OCR3, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Regional differences in product assortment (OCR5) | |||
| ⁃Sales rights are missing (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Data synchronization between physical and online stores (OCR2, OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Limited storage capacity of physical stores (OCR7) | Storage Capacity | ||
| ⁃Inaccuracy in picking quantity (ER2) | Defective Picking | Picking | |
| ⁃Manual product scanning (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Picking in the wrong boxes (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Lack of attention to product quality (OCR5) | |||
| ⁃Damaged products due to inadequate care (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Manually determined picking routes (OCR1, OCR4, OCR5, ER2) | Long Picking Time | ||
| ⁃Manual product scanning (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Search for replacement products (OCR4, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Lack of standardized shelf locations (OCR4, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Poor store layouts (OCR2, OCR4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Basket must be rearranged during picking (OCR2) | |||
| ⁃Order picking during regular store hours (OCR2, OCR4, OCR6, OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Long waiting times at store checkouts (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Theft and loss of parcels during transit (ER2, ER3) | Logistic Service Providers | Last-Mile Delivery | |
| ⁃Rough handling of products (OCR3) | |||
| ⁃Lack of quality control upon delivery (OCR4, OCR5, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Failures in refrigeration units (ER1, ER2, ER5, ER7) | Product Cooling | ||
| ⁃Long journeys (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Undelivered orders (OCR7, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Supply challenges of dry ice (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Different temperature requirements for products (OCR5, ER1, ER3, ER5, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Fluctuating petrol and diesel prices (OCR2, OCR4) | Delivery Vehicle | ||
| ⁃High CO2 emissions in urban areas (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Reliance on public charging stations (OCR6) | |||
| ⁃Limited availability of charging stations (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Limited driving ranges (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Loading space of bicycles and mopeds (OCR7, ER6) | Transport Capacity | ||
| ⁃Underutilization of vehicles in low-demand areas (OCR5, ER2, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Use of multiple boxes that are not fully utilized (OCR5, ER3, ER5, ER6) | |||
| ⁃High traffic volumes and narrow streets in urban areas (OCR2, OCR4, OCR6, ER2, ER6) | Delivery Area | ||
| ⁃Inability to park close to delivery destinations in urban areas (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Multistoried apartment buildings (OCR2, ER4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Low customer density and long deliveries in rural areas (OCR2, OCR4, OCR5, ER1, ER2, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Clustering widely spread customers (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Improper handling by suppliers (ER5) | Product Handling and Quality Control | Food Waste | Ecological |
| ⁃Sensitive products are prone to damage (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Maintaining an unbroken cold chain (ER1, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Failures in refrigeration units (ER1, ER2, ER5, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Regulatory restrictions prohibit the return of fresh food (OCR2, OCR4, OCR5, OCR7, ER2, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Suppliers deliver mixed batches of products (ER5) | Shelf-Life Management | ||
| ⁃Suppliers deliver products with short best-before dates (ER3) | |||
| ⁃Products arrive already expired (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Products without best-before dates are difficult to monitor (OCR4, OCR6, OCR7, ER3, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Variability in customer orders increases overstocking (ER2, ER3) | Customer Behavior | ||
| ⁃Unwanted substitute products (OCR5, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Different preferences for the maturity levels of products (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Customer absence during delivery attempts (OCR2, OCR5, OCR6, OCR7, ER1, ER2, ER5) | |||
| ⁃Bags bursting due to excessive air inside the packaging (OCR3) | Packaging Design | Food Packaging | |
| ⁃Inefficiency in packaging utilization (OCR3, ER5) | |||
| ⁃Disposable packaging (OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Customers may not return reusable boxes (ER2) | Reusable Packaging | ||
| ⁃Inefficiencies in packaging return cycle (OCR4, OCR6, OCR7, ER4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Costly management of reusable packaging (OCR6, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Limited storage space for reusable packaging (OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Supply chain failures lead to undelivered products (OCR6, ER3, ER4, ER6) | Product Availability | Product Satisfaction | Social |
| ⁃Discrepancies between online and actual stock in warehouses (OCR3, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Crediting customers for unavailable items (ER2, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Contact customers to suggest alternatives (OCR3, OCR4, ER6, ER7) | Substitute Products | ||
| ⁃Unwanted or expensive replacements (OCR2, OCR6, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Customers refuse replacement items (OCR5, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Delivering substitute product later than the original order (OCR2, OCR4, ER1, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Product complaints of non-returnable goods (OCR7, ER2, ER4) | Product Returns | ||
| ⁃Statutory right of withdrawal and fragile goods (OCR3, ER1) | |||
| ⁃Customer service resources to resolve complaints (ER3, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Late suppliers disrupt delivery schedules (OCR6) | Resource Constraints | Punctuality and Reliability | |
| ⁃Shortage of vehicles and drivers (OCR4, OCR5, ER1, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Short-term changes in customer orders (ORC5) | Customer-Induced Delivery Disruptions | ||
| ⁃Customer demand short delivery windows (OCR2, ER3, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Second delivery attempt increases transportation costs (OCR2, ER1, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Customer's address cannot be found (ER3) | |||
| ⁃Sorting back of undelivered orders (OCR2, OCR5, OCR6, OCR7, ER2, ER3, ER5) |
| Open coding | First-order concepts (sustainability challenges) | Second-order themes (critical sustainability factors) | Dimensions (triple bottom Line) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ⁃Supplier is unable to deliver the ordered quantity (ER4) | Inventory Updating | Storage | Economic |
| ⁃Changes in product assortment (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Expired items are not removed promptly (OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Stock adjustments are made manually (OCR3, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Regional differences in product assortment (OCR5) | |||
| ⁃Sales rights are missing (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Data synchronization between physical and online stores (OCR2, OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Limited storage capacity of physical stores (OCR7) | Storage Capacity | ||
| ⁃Inaccuracy in picking quantity (ER2) | Defective Picking | Picking | |
| ⁃Manual product scanning (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Picking in the wrong boxes (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Lack of attention to product quality (OCR5) | |||
| ⁃Damaged products due to inadequate care (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Manually determined picking routes (OCR1, OCR4, OCR5, ER2) | Long Picking Time | ||
| ⁃Manual product scanning (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Search for replacement products (OCR4, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Lack of standardized shelf locations (OCR4, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Poor store layouts (OCR2, OCR4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Basket must be rearranged during picking (OCR2) | |||
| ⁃Order picking during regular store hours (OCR2, OCR4, OCR6, OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Long waiting times at store checkouts (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Theft and loss of parcels during transit (ER2, ER3) | Logistic Service Providers | Last-Mile Delivery | |
| ⁃Rough handling of products (OCR3) | |||
| ⁃Lack of quality control upon delivery (OCR4, OCR5, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Failures in refrigeration units (ER1, ER2, ER5, ER7) | Product Cooling | ||
| ⁃Long journeys (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Undelivered orders (OCR7, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Supply challenges of dry ice (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Different temperature requirements for products (OCR5, ER1, ER3, ER5, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Fluctuating petrol and diesel prices (OCR2, OCR4) | Delivery Vehicle | ||
| ⁃High CO2 emissions in urban areas (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Reliance on public charging stations (OCR6) | |||
| ⁃Limited availability of charging stations (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Limited driving ranges (ER5) | |||
| ⁃Loading space of bicycles and mopeds (OCR7, ER6) | Transport Capacity | ||
| ⁃Underutilization of vehicles in low-demand areas (OCR5, ER2, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Use of multiple boxes that are not fully utilized (OCR5, ER3, ER5, ER6) | |||
| ⁃High traffic volumes and narrow streets in urban areas (OCR2, OCR4, OCR6, ER2, ER6) | Delivery Area | ||
| ⁃Inability to park close to delivery destinations in urban areas (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Multistoried apartment buildings (OCR2, ER4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Low customer density and long deliveries in rural areas (OCR2, OCR4, OCR5, ER1, ER2, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Clustering widely spread customers (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Improper handling by suppliers (ER5) | Product Handling and Quality Control | Food Waste | Ecological |
| ⁃Sensitive products are prone to damage (ER7) | |||
| ⁃Maintaining an unbroken cold chain (ER1, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Failures in refrigeration units (ER1, ER2, ER5, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Regulatory restrictions prohibit the return of fresh food (OCR2, OCR4, OCR5, OCR7, ER2, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Suppliers deliver mixed batches of products (ER5) | Shelf-Life Management | ||
| ⁃Suppliers deliver products with short best-before dates (ER3) | |||
| ⁃Products arrive already expired (OCR4) | |||
| ⁃Products without best-before dates are difficult to monitor (OCR4, OCR6, OCR7, ER3, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Variability in customer orders increases overstocking (ER2, ER3) | Customer Behavior | ||
| ⁃Unwanted substitute products (OCR5, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Different preferences for the maturity levels of products (ER2) | |||
| ⁃Customer absence during delivery attempts (OCR2, OCR5, OCR6, OCR7, ER1, ER2, ER5) | |||
| ⁃Bags bursting due to excessive air inside the packaging (OCR3) | Packaging Design | Food Packaging | |
| ⁃Inefficiency in packaging utilization (OCR3, ER5) | |||
| ⁃Disposable packaging (OCR7) | |||
| ⁃Customers may not return reusable boxes (ER2) | Reusable Packaging | ||
| ⁃Inefficiencies in packaging return cycle (OCR4, OCR6, OCR7, ER4, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Costly management of reusable packaging (OCR6, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Limited storage space for reusable packaging (OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Supply chain failures lead to undelivered products (OCR6, ER3, ER4, ER6) | Product Availability | Product Satisfaction | Social |
| ⁃Discrepancies between online and actual stock in warehouses (OCR3, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Crediting customers for unavailable items (ER2, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Contact customers to suggest alternatives (OCR3, OCR4, ER6, ER7) | Substitute Products | ||
| ⁃Unwanted or expensive replacements (OCR2, OCR6, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Customers refuse replacement items (OCR5, OCR7, ER2) | |||
| ⁃Delivering substitute product later than the original order (OCR2, OCR4, ER1, ER7) | |||
| ⁃Product complaints of non-returnable goods (OCR7, ER2, ER4) | Product Returns | ||
| ⁃Statutory right of withdrawal and fragile goods (OCR3, ER1) | |||
| ⁃Customer service resources to resolve complaints (ER3, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Late suppliers disrupt delivery schedules (OCR6) | Resource Constraints | Punctuality and Reliability | |
| ⁃Shortage of vehicles and drivers (OCR4, OCR5, ER1, ER4) | |||
| ⁃Short-term changes in customer orders (ORC5) | Customer-Induced Delivery Disruptions | ||
| ⁃Customer demand short delivery windows (OCR2, ER3, ER6) | |||
| ⁃Second delivery attempt increases transportation costs (OCR2, ER1, ER3) | |||
| ⁃Customer's address cannot be found (ER3) | |||
| ⁃Sorting back of undelivered orders (OCR2, OCR5, OCR6, OCR7, ER2, ER3, ER5) |
Note(s): ER = electronic retailing; OCR = omnichannel retailing
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