Systematic literature review – eligibility criteria (researcher)
| Criterion | Inclusion criteria (accepted) | Exclusion criteria (rejected) |
|---|---|---|
| Timeframe | Studies were published between 2016 and 2025 | Research published prior to 2016 (to ensure technological relevance) |
| Document type | Peer-reviewed journal articles and primary conference proceedings | Book reviews, editorials, theses, and “grey” literature |
| Language | Full-text available in English | Studies in other languages without official translations |
| Stakeholder focus | Research addressing consumers, couriers or policymakers (stakeholder behavior) | Purely mechanical or engineering-focused studies with no human element |
| Sustainability | Focus on the Triple Bottom Line (environmental, economic or social) | Studies focused solely on profit maximization or traditional logistics |
| Geographic scope | MENA Urban Centers or direct comparative studies involving the region | Studies focused exclusively on rural areas or Western-only contexts (e.g. EU/US) |
| Delivery mode | Last-mile delivery, e-commerce logistics and urban freight | Long-haul shipping, maritime logistics or air-cargo mid-stream |
| Criterion | Inclusion criteria (accepted) | Exclusion criteria (rejected) |
|---|---|---|
| Timeframe | Studies were published between | Research published prior to 2016 (to ensure technological relevance) |
| Document type | Peer-reviewed journal articles and primary conference proceedings | Book reviews, editorials, theses, and “grey” literature |
| Language | Full-text available in | Studies in other languages without official translations |
| Stakeholder focus | Research addressing | Purely mechanical or engineering-focused studies with no human element |
| Sustainability | Focus on the | Studies focused solely on profit maximization or traditional logistics |
| Geographic scope | Studies focused exclusively on rural areas or Western-only contexts (e.g. EU/US) | |
| Delivery mode | Last-mile delivery, e-commerce logistics and urban freight | Long-haul shipping, maritime logistics or air-cargo mid-stream |
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