Table 4 Theoretical Framework Linking... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Theoretical Framework Linking Policy Capacity to Co-production Modes

	State-Initiated Co-production	Citizen-Initiated Co-production
High Policy Capacity & Trust	LIKELY & EFFECTIVE Coordinated, compliant, sustained engagement	COMPLEMENTARY Amplified by state support, synergistic with official efforts
Low Policy Capacity & Trust	DIFFICULT & INEFFECTIVE Resistance, low compliance, enforcement-dependent	LIKELY BUT LIMITED Gap-filling, fragmented efforts, limited sustainability

	State-Initiated Co-production	Citizen-Initiated Co-production
High Policy Capacity & Trust	LIKELY & EFFECTIVE Coordinated, compliant, sustained engagement	COMPLEMENTARY Amplified by state support, synergistic with official efforts
Low Policy Capacity & Trust	DIFFICULT & INEFFECTIVE Resistance, low compliance, enforcement-dependent	LIKELY BUT LIMITED Gap-filling, fragmented efforts, limited sustainability

Source: By authors