Measurement items
| Variables | Items | References |
|---|---|---|
| Engagement | (1) I concentrated fully on the task | Yi et al. (2015) |
| (2) I was absorbed intensely in completing the task | ||
| (3) My attention was focused on dealing with the requests in the task | ||
| Self-awareness | (1) I think the avatar represents who I really am | Bhattacharya et al. (1995) |
| (2) When someone criticizes this avatar, it feels like a personal insult | ||
| (3) When someone praises this avatar, it feels like a personal compliment | ||
| Avatar-user similarity | I think this avatar resembles me in appearance | Suh et al. (2011) |
| Avatar attractiveness | (1) The appearance of my avatar is good-looking | Liao et al. (2019) |
| (2) The appearance of my avatar is attractive | ||
| (3) The appearance of my avatar is physically attractive | ||
| Innovativeness | (1) I think I am a creative person | Burroughs and Glen Mick (2004) |
| (2) I like to try new things | ||
| (3) I like to explore the new uses of a product | ||
| (4) I prefer to use familiar products rather than try new ones | ||
| Efficacy in using new technologies | (1) I believe that I can learn to use a new digital device by myself | Bandura et al. (1987) |
| (2) I believe that I can learn to use a new digital device even without prior experience | ||
| (3) With simple guides, I can learn to use a new digital device | ||
| VR familiarity | I have experience of using VR devices | Adapted from Suh et al. (2011) |
| 1 – Never; 2 – Rarely 3 – Occasionally; 4 – Sometimes; 5 – Frequently; 6 – Usually; 7 – Everyday |
| Variables | Items | References |
|---|---|---|
| Engagement | (1) I concentrated fully on the task | |
| (2) I was absorbed intensely in completing the task | ||
| (3) My attention was focused on dealing with the requests in the task | ||
| Self-awareness | (1) I think the avatar represents who I really am | |
| (2) When someone criticizes this avatar, it feels like a personal insult | ||
| (3) When someone praises this avatar, it feels like a personal compliment | ||
| Avatar-user similarity | I think this avatar resembles me in appearance | |
| Avatar attractiveness | (1) The appearance of my avatar is good-looking | |
| (2) The appearance of my avatar is attractive | ||
| (3) The appearance of my avatar is physically attractive | ||
| Innovativeness | (1) I think I am a creative person | |
| (2) I like to try new things | ||
| (3) I like to explore the new uses of a product | ||
| (4) I prefer to use familiar products rather than try new ones | ||
| Efficacy in using new technologies | (1) I believe that I can learn to use a new digital device by myself | |
| (2) I believe that I can learn to use a new digital device even without prior experience | ||
| (3) With simple guides, I can learn to use a new digital device | ||
| VR familiarity | I have experience of using VR devices | Adapted from |
| 1 – Never; 2 – Rarely 3 – Occasionally; 4 – Sometimes; 5 – Frequently; 6 – Usually; 7 – Everyday |
Note(s): Seven-point Likert scale
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