Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis
| No. | Authors | Continent/Region | Gamification placement | Length (weeks) | Control type | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ahmed and Asiksoy (2021) | Europe | pre-class and in-class | 10 | FC | cognitive |
| 2 | Arias and Esteve Mon (2025) | Europe | in-class | 6 | TC | cognitive |
| 3 | Asiksoy and Canbolat (2021) | Europe | pre-class | 9 | FC | cognitive |
| 4 | da Silva Garcia et al. (2022) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 17 | TC | cognitive |
| 5 | Durrani et al. (2022) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 14 | TC | cognitive |
| 6 | Elzeky et al. (2022) | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class | 8 | FC | cognitive |
| 7 | Gisbert et al. (2024) | Europe | pre-class | 1 | FC | cognitive |
| 8 | Ho (2019) | Asia | in-class | 13 | FC | cognitive |
| 9 | Hung (2016) | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 3 | FC | both |
| 10 | Hung (2018) | Asia | in-class | 6 | FC | both |
| 11 | Jeong and Gonzalez-Gomez (2025) | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 15 | FC | both |
| 12 | Kim and Kim (2022) | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 7 | TC | both |
| 13 | Maimati and Hew (2025) | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 10 | FC | both |
| 14 | Ng and Lo (2022a, b) | Asia | in-class | 4 | FC | cognitive |
| 15 | Recabarren (2021) | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 12 | FC | non-cognitive |
| 16 | Sailer and Sailer (2020) | Europe | in-class | 2 | FC | non-cognitive |
| 17 | Toriz (2019) | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 16 | FC | cognitive |
| 18 | Tsay et al. (2018) | Europe | pre-class and in-class | 12 | TC | cognitive |
| 19 | Zainuddin (2021) | Asia | in-class | 7 | FC | both |
| 20 | Zvarych (2019) | Europe | in-class | 12 | TC | cognitive |
| 21 | Hwang and Chang (2020) | Asia | in-class | 2 | FC | both |
| 22 | Huesca et al. (2023) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 16 | FC | cognitive |
| 23 | Gündüz and Akkoyunlu (2020) | Europe | in-class | 9 | FC | cognitive |
| 24 | Do et al. (2023) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 1 | FC | both |
| 25 | Taşkın and Çakmak (2022) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 12 | FC | cognitive |
| 26 | Smith et al. (2023) | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 5 | FC | cognitive |
| No. | Authors | Continent/Region | Gamification placement | Length (weeks) | Control type | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Europe | pre-class and in-class | 10 | FC | cognitive | |
| 2 | Europe | in-class | 6 | TC | cognitive | |
| 3 | Europe | pre-class | 9 | FC | cognitive | |
| 4 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 17 | TC | cognitive | |
| 5 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 14 | TC | cognitive | |
| 6 | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class | 8 | FC | cognitive | |
| 7 | Europe | pre-class | 1 | FC | cognitive | |
| 8 | Asia | in-class | 13 | FC | cognitive | |
| 9 | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 3 | FC | both | |
| 10 | Asia | in-class | 6 | FC | both | |
| 11 | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 15 | FC | both | |
| 12 | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 7 | TC | both | |
| 13 | Asia | pre-class and in-class | 10 | FC | both | |
| 14 | Asia | in-class | 4 | FC | cognitive | |
| 15 | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 12 | FC | non-cognitive | |
| 16 | Europe | in-class | 2 | FC | non-cognitive | |
| 17 | Emerging and Developing Regions | pre-class and in-class | 16 | FC | cognitive | |
| 18 | Europe | pre-class and in-class | 12 | TC | cognitive | |
| 19 | Asia | in-class | 7 | FC | both | |
| 20 | Europe | in-class | 12 | TC | cognitive | |
| 21 | Asia | in-class | 2 | FC | both | |
| 22 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 16 | FC | cognitive | |
| 23 | Europe | in-class | 9 | FC | cognitive | |
| 24 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 1 | FC | both | |
| 25 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 12 | FC | cognitive | |
| 26 | Emerging and Developing Regions | in-class | 5 | FC | cognitive |
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