Gender diversity (in board and audit committee) and tax avoidance
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable: ETR | |||
| FPBOD | −0.148** (0.058) | −0.078 (0.063) | |
| FPAC | −0.061* (0.033) | 0.112* (0.065) | |
| FPBOD × FPAC | −0.599** (0.241) | ||
| BS | −0.006*** (0.002) | −0.007*** (0.002) | −0.007*** (0.002) |
| INDP | 0.095 (0.102) | 0.046 (0.098) | 0.087 (0.102) |
| DO | −0.232*** (0.063) | −0.194*** (0.062) | −0.228*** (0.062) |
| IO | −0.069 (0.063) | −0.102* (0.060) | 0.080 (0.063) |
| FO | −0.096 (0.090) | −0.091 (0.092) | −0.049 (0.092) |
| SAC | 0.016** (0.006) | 0.019*** (0.006) | 0.018*** (0.006) |
| ROE | 0.619*** (0.186) | 0.595*** (0.189) | 0.576*** (0.189) |
| LEV | −0.454* (0.271) | −0.467* (0.272) | −0.486* (0.269) |
| LBM | −0.073** (0.036) | −0.057 (0.037) | −0.058 (0.036) |
| FAGE | −0.069*** (0.023) | −0.067*** (0.024) | −0.072*** (0.023) |
| FSIZE | −0.015 (0.027) | −0.016 (0.028) | −0.007 (0.027) |
| CSR | −0.340*** (0.115) | −0.322*** (0.116) | −0.347*** (0.114) |
| BIG4 | 0.016 (0.010) | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.015 (0.010) |
| Constant | 0.497 (0.303) | 0.474 (0.305) | 0.440 (0.310) |
| Observations | 341 | 341 | 341 |
| Year fixed | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.319 | 0.312 | 0.327 |
| Prob > F | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** |
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|---|---|---|
| −0.148** (0.058) | −0.078 (0.063) | ||
| −0.061* (0.033) | 0.112* (0.065) | ||
| FPBOD × FPAC | −0.599** (0.241) | ||
| −0.006*** (0.002) | −0.007*** (0.002) | −0.007*** (0.002) | |
| 0.095 (0.102) | 0.046 (0.098) | 0.087 (0.102) | |
| −0.232*** (0.063) | −0.194*** (0.062) | −0.228*** (0.062) | |
| −0.069 (0.063) | −0.102* (0.060) | 0.080 (0.063) | |
| −0.096 (0.090) | −0.091 (0.092) | −0.049 (0.092) | |
| 0.016** (0.006) | 0.019*** (0.006) | 0.018*** (0.006) | |
| 0.619*** (0.186) | 0.595*** (0.189) | 0.576*** (0.189) | |
| −0.454* (0.271) | −0.467* (0.272) | −0.486* (0.269) | |
| −0.073** (0.036) | −0.057 (0.037) | −0.058 (0.036) | |
| −0.069*** (0.023) | −0.067*** (0.024) | −0.072*** (0.023) | |
| −0.015 (0.027) | −0.016 (0.028) | −0.007 (0.027) | |
| −0.340*** (0.115) | −0.322*** (0.116) | −0.347*** (0.114) | |
| BIG4 | 0.016 (0.010) | 0.012 (0.010) | 0.015 (0.010) |
| Constant | 0.497 (0.303) | 0.474 (0.305) | 0.440 (0.310) |
| Observations | 341 | 341 | 341 |
| Year fixed | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adjusted | 0.319 | 0.312 | 0.327 |
| Prob > | 0.000*** | 0.000*** | 0.000*** |
Superscripts ***, ** and * denote significance at the 1, 5, and 10% levels, respectively. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. The definitions of variables are given in Appendix
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.