Descriptive statistics of key variables
| Variable | N | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Std. dev. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RDCi,t | 11,110 | 0.303 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.460 |
| ROAi,t | 11,110 | 0.064 | 0.059 | −0.166 | 0.300 | 0.051 |
| ROAi,t+1 | 11,110 | 0.0611 | 0.056 | −0.172 | 0.300 | 0.054 |
| ROAi,t+2 | 8,224 | 0.058 | 0.055 | −0.173 | 0.300 | 0.056 |
| ROAi,t+3 | 5,899 | 0.056 | 0.052 | −0.178 | 0.302 | 0.056 |
| ROEi,t | 11,110 | 0.108 | 0.102 | −0.413 | 0.532 | 0.084 |
| ROEi,t+1 | 11,110 | 0.104 | 0.101 | −0.437 | 0.532 | 0.091 |
| ROEi,t+2 | 8,194 | 0.102 | 0.010 | −0.790 | 0.525 | 0.095 |
| ROEi,t+3 | 5,868 | 0.100 | 0.098 | −0.790 | 0.522 | 0.098 |
| Sizei,t | 11,110 | 22.20 | 22.06 | 19.08 | 26.48 | 1.215 |
| Levi,t | 11,110 | 0.403 | 0.397 | −0.036 | 0.951 | 0.188 |
| MBi,t | 11,110 | 1.018 | 0.994 | −0.890 | 3.567 | 0.652 |
| Growthi,t | 11,110 | 0.126 | 0.091 | −0.740 | 1.184 | 0.180 |
| RDinti,t | 11,110 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.116 | 0.017 |
| Variable | Mean | Median | Min | Max | Std. dev. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11,110 | 0.303 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.460 | |
| 11,110 | 0.064 | 0.059 | −0.166 | 0.300 | 0.051 | |
| 11,110 | 0.0611 | 0.056 | −0.172 | 0.300 | 0.054 | |
| 8,224 | 0.058 | 0.055 | −0.173 | 0.300 | 0.056 | |
| 5,899 | 0.056 | 0.052 | −0.178 | 0.302 | 0.056 | |
| 11,110 | 0.108 | 0.102 | −0.413 | 0.532 | 0.084 | |
| 11,110 | 0.104 | 0.101 | −0.437 | 0.532 | 0.091 | |
| 8,194 | 0.102 | 0.010 | −0.790 | 0.525 | 0.095 | |
| 5,868 | 0.100 | 0.098 | −0.790 | 0.522 | 0.098 | |
| 11,110 | 22.20 | 22.06 | 19.08 | 26.48 | 1.215 | |
| 11,110 | 0.403 | 0.397 | −0.036 | 0.951 | 0.188 | |
| 11,110 | 1.018 | 0.994 | −0.890 | 3.567 | 0.652 | |
| 11,110 | 0.126 | 0.091 | −0.740 | 1.184 | 0.180 | |
| 11,110 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.116 | 0.017 |
Note(s): This table shows descriptive statistics of the key variables in our empirical analysis. Appendix gives the definition of all variables
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