Table 1 Descriptive statistics RQ RL GE... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Descriptive statistics

	RQ	RL	GE	GDP	HDI	CPI	SC	ST	TE
Mean	1.418	1.384	1.580	1.841	0.923	3.082	3.430	3.420	3.260
Median	1.620	1.600	1.600	1.720	0.946	2.428	3.000	3.500	3.000
Maximum	2.410	2.010	2.420	14.36	0.970	15.10	6.000	6.000	6.000
Minimum	−0.520	−0.140	0.490	−3.818	0.721	−2.079	1.000	1.000	1.000
Std. Dev	0.681	0.584	0.446	2.901	0.060	2.649	1.387	1.664	1.219
Skewness	−1.812	−1.418	−0.461	1.023	−1.975	1.525	−0.048	−0.050	0.332
Kurtosis	5.621	4.218	2.794	5.556	5.669	6.765	1.928	1.675	2.860
Jarque–Bera	83.38	39.72	3.724	44.68	94.70	97.87	4.818	7.351	1.923
Probability	0.000	0.000	0.155	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.089	0.025	0.382
Sum	141.8	138.4	158.0	184.1	92.36	308.2	343.0	342.0	326.0
Sum Sq. Dev	46.03	33.79	19.72	833.3	0.367	695.0	190.5	274.3	147.2
Observations	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

	RQ	RL	GE	GDP	HDI	CPI	SC	ST	TE
Mean	1.418	1.384	1.580	1.841	0.923	3.082	3.430	3.420	3.260
Median	1.620	1.600	1.600	1.720	0.946	2.428	3.000	3.500	3.000
Maximum	2.410	2.010	2.420	14.36	0.970	15.10	6.000	6.000	6.000
Minimum	−0.520	−0.140	0.490	−3.818	0.721	−2.079	1.000	1.000	1.000
Std. Dev	0.681	0.584	0.446	2.901	0.060	2.649	1.387	1.664	1.219
Skewness	−1.812	−1.418	−0.461	1.023	−1.975	1.525	−0.048	−0.050	0.332
Kurtosis	5.621	4.218	2.794	5.556	5.669	6.765	1.928	1.675	2.860
Jarque–Bera	83.38	39.72	3.724	44.68	94.70	97.87	4.818	7.351	1.923
Probability	0.000	0.000	0.155	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.089	0.025	0.382
Sum	141.8	138.4	158.0	184.1	92.36	308.2	343.0	342.0	326.0
Sum Sq. Dev	46.03	33.79	19.72	833.3	0.367	695.0	190.5	274.3	147.2
Observations	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100

Source(s): The data collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI, 2025), Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI, 2025), Human Development Reports (UNDP, 2025), and IMD Smart City Index from 2021 to 2025