Panel unit root IPS test and LLC test
| Top 20 smart countries | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RQ | RL | GE | GDP | HDI | CPI | SC | ST | TE | |
| IPS (Level) | 2.674** | 2.59** | −1.72** | −9.57*** | 2.53* | −1.31* | −1.3 E+15*** | 9.2 E+14*** | −4.2 E+13*** |
| LLC test (Level) | −3.68*** | −2.49** | −4.28*** | −27.02*** | −1.76* | −527*** | −13.60*** | −10.72*** | −8.00*** |
| Top 20 smart countries | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.674** | 2.59** | −1.72** | −9.57*** | 2.53* | −1.31* | −1.3 E+15*** | 9.2 E+14*** | −4.2 E+13*** | |
| −3.68*** | −2.49** | −4.28*** | −27.02*** | −1.76* | −527*** | −13.60*** | −10.72*** | −8.00*** | |
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