Table 2

Infrastructure types critical to humanitarian logistics

Infrastructure typeDescription
Transportation networks
RoadsFacilitate access to affected areas and enable the efficient ground transportation of humanitarian aid
BridgesFundamental links within road networks, serving a critical role in connecting local areas and supporting regional material flows
HighwaysLink cities and facilitate rapid long-distance deliveries and evacuations
Arterial roadsMain roads in cities, usually linking urban areas with highways
RailwaysCarry bulk materials over long distances
SubwaysUnderground rail-based public transportation systems
AirportsAir transportation hubs used to handle airborne cargo and passengers
SeaportsCoastal transportation hubs used for docking ships to load and unload cargo and passengers
Transit systemsPublic transport systems including buses, subways and light rails, usually administered by a single agency
Intermodal networksTransportation systems that integrate and link multiple modes; ports are examples of intermodal nodes
Evacuation routesDesignated transportation corridors for evacuating people during emergencies
Utilities
Electrical gridsInterconnected systems for generating, storing and transmitting electricity. Crucial for logistics operations such as electric transport and warehouses
Fuel systemsInfrastructure and operations needed to produce, store and distribute fuels (e.g. gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel, propane)
Gas pipelinesUnderground or aboveground pipe systems transporting gas or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) from production/storage facilities to end-users
Water systemsNetwork used to produce, store and distribute drinking water to end-users
Stormwater pipelinesUnderground networks designed to drain or collect rainwater from streets and houses and transport it to designated areas
Cooling systemsSystems designed to regulate heat and preserve temperature, essential in data centers and vaccine storage facilities
Communication and information systems
Communication systemsTechnological infrastructure for transmitting information (e.g. data, video, voice) via wired and wireless means
Information systemsTangible and intangible assets used to create, process, store and disseminate information to support decision-making
Traffic management systemsTechnologies and policies to monitor, regulate and optimize the movement of vehicles and people
Logistics and storage facilities
WarehousesFacilities used to stockpile, sort and dispatch materials to end-users
Distribution centersSimilar to warehouse but designed for faster throughput; materials are temporarily stored before dispatch
Retail facilitiesFacilities such as pharmacies, grocery stores and fulfillment centers that support humanitarian response due to their wide geographical dispersion and accessibility
Food banksNon-profit or public facilities that collect, store and distribute food to people facing food insecurity
Social and public services
Public health systemsInstitutions and organizations providing health services (e.g. hospitals, clinics, laboratories)
Educational systemsInstitutions and facilities delivering education services (e.g. schools, universities), often used as shelters during disasters
Housing facilitiesStructures and spaces where people live in, including private houses, shelters and camps
Government infrastructuresAdministrative and governance facilities maintaining order and civil services (e.g. police stations, national databases, emergency operation centers)
Production and supply systems
Agricultural systemsProcesses, infrastructures, technologies and workforce for producing, harvesting, storing and distributing food and agricultural products
Industrial productionsInfrastructure and facilities for producing or assembling products (e.g. factories, workshops), crucial for local self-reliance and rapid response
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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