Table 3 Infrastructure resilience...

Table 3

Infrastructure resilience dimensions in humanitarian logistics

Category	Dimension	Supporting studies	Definition	Occurrence stage	Coded strategy
Structural and systematic features	Robustness	1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37	Resists or prevents damage through strength or design	Before disruption	Strength-based
	Redundancy	1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37	Substitutes or alternate failed components or pathways to maintain functionality	During and after disruption	Substitution-based
	Absorptive capacity	4, 12, 13	Buffers the impact using slack, reserves or protective systems	During disruption	Buffer-based
	Connectivity	7, 19, 24, 31, 40, 41	Maintains or restores network-wide access and service continuity	During and after disruption	Continuity-based
	Flexibility	4, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 35	Reconfigures system structure or operations to adapt to disruption	During and after disruption	Adaptation-based
	System interdependency	4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 34, 37	Manages cascading effects between interconnected infrastructure systems	Before and during disruption	Interdependency-awareness
Operational and functional capabilities	Rapidity	2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 20, 25, 31	Restores critical infrastructure functions as quickly as possible	After disruption	Time-sensitive awareness
	Recoverability	1, 12, 23, 25, 31, 33, 35, 39	Regains full infrastructure functionality over time	After disruption	Restoration-based
	Restorative capacity	4, 12, 13	Enables repair using available time, labor and material resources	After disruption	Operational capacity-based
	Detection and responsiveness	33, 40	Identifies system failures and enables prompt corrective action	During disruption	Awareness and response
	Monitoring and maintenance	36	Detects vulnerabilities early to prevent breakdowns	Before disruption	Preventive maintenance
Adaptive and management capacities	Resourcefulness	1, 3, 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 31, 35	Mobilizes personnel, tools and resources effectively under stress	During and after disruption	Mobilization-based
	Adaptive capacity	4, 12, 13, 24, 29. 38	Reorganizes operations or applies alternative strategies during crises	During and after disruption	Dynamic response
	Scenario-based testing and planning	9, 16, 21, 31	Uses simulations to prepare for extreme disruption scenarios	Before disruption	Preparedness-based
	Automation and AI in decision-making	36	Supports real-time, data-informed decisions using intelligent technologies	During disruption	Technology-driven
	Efficient recovery	6, 12, 20	Restores infrastructure services efficiently by prioritizing actions	After disruption	Prioritization-based
Institutional and governance mechanisms	Governance and multi-agency coordination	17, 18, 34, 35, 36	Ensures coordinated decision-making and role clarity across institutions	Before and during disruption	Regulative and normative assessment
	Early warning and predictive analytics	12, 36	Forecasts failures and activates proactive responses	Before disruption	Proactive forecasting
	Situational awareness and communication	36	Shares real-time information for effective decision-making and coordination	During disruption	Information-centric
	Equity in service restoration	8, 10, 27, 30	Prioritizes vulnerable or critical populations during infrastructure recovery	After disruption	Equity-centric

Category	Dimension	Supporting studies	Definition	Occurrence stage	Coded strategy
Structural and systematic features	Robustness	1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37	Resists or prevents damage through strength or design	Before disruption	Strength-based
	Redundancy	1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37	Substitutes or alternate failed components or pathways to maintain functionality	During and after disruption	Substitution-based
	Absorptive capacity	4, 12, 13	Buffers the impact using slack, reserves or protective systems	During disruption	Buffer-based
	Connectivity	7, 19, 24, 31, 40, 41	Maintains or restores network-wide access and service continuity	During and after disruption	Continuity-based
	Flexibility	4, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 35	Reconfigures system structure or operations to adapt to disruption	During and after disruption	Adaptation-based
	System interdependency	4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 34, 37	Manages cascading effects between interconnected infrastructure systems	Before and during disruption	Interdependency-awareness
Operational and functional capabilities	Rapidity	2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 20, 25, 31	Restores critical infrastructure functions as quickly as possible	After disruption	Time-sensitive awareness
	Recoverability	1, 12, 23, 25, 31, 33, 35, 39	Regains full infrastructure functionality over time	After disruption	Restoration-based
	Restorative capacity	4, 12, 13	Enables repair using available time, labor and material resources	After disruption	Operational capacity-based
	Detection and responsiveness	33, 40	Identifies system failures and enables prompt corrective action	During disruption	Awareness and response
	Monitoring and maintenance	36	Detects vulnerabilities early to prevent breakdowns	Before disruption	Preventive maintenance
Adaptive and management capacities	Resourcefulness	1, 3, 12, 13, 19, 20, 25, 31, 35	Mobilizes personnel, tools and resources effectively under stress	During and after disruption	Mobilization-based
	Adaptive capacity	4, 12, 13, 24, 29. 38	Reorganizes operations or applies alternative strategies during crises	During and after disruption	Dynamic response
	Scenario-based testing and planning	9, 16, 21, 31	Uses simulations to prepare for extreme disruption scenarios	Before disruption	Preparedness-based
	Automation and AI in decision-making	36	Supports real-time, data-informed decisions using intelligent technologies	During disruption	Technology-driven
	Efficient recovery	6, 12, 20	Restores infrastructure services efficiently by prioritizing actions	After disruption	Prioritization-based
Institutional and governance mechanisms	Governance and multi-agency coordination	17, 18, 34, 35, 36	Ensures coordinated decision-making and role clarity across institutions	Before and during disruption	Regulative and normative assessment
	Early warning and predictive analytics	12, 36	Forecasts failures and activates proactive responses	Before disruption	Proactive forecasting
	Situational awareness and communication	36	Shares real-time information for effective decision-making and coordination	During disruption	Information-centric
	Equity in service restoration	8, 10, 27, 30	Prioritizes vulnerable or critical populations during infrastructure recovery	After disruption	Equity-centric

Note(s):

[1] Morshed et al., 2021; [2] Twumasi-Boakye and Sobanjo, 2019; [3] Soltani-Sobh et al., 2016; [4] Turnquist and Vugrin, 2013; [5] Chang et al., 2014; [6] Singh et al., 2018; [7] Rachunok and Nateghi, 2020; [8] Watson and Ahn, 2022; [9] Croope and McNeil, 2011; [10] Papadopoulos et al., 2017; [11] Orengo Serra and Sanchez-Jauregui, 2022; [12] Mottahedi et al., 2021; [13] Sun et al., 2020; [14] Bhusiri et al., 2021; [15] Kopanaki, 2022; [16] Gerges et al., 2022; [17] Santos et al., 2020; [18] Mostafavi and Inman, 2016; [19] Sathurshan et al., 2022; [20] Esmalian et al., 2022; [21] Nateghi, 2018; [22] McDaniels et al., 2015; [23] Blagojević et al., 2023; [24] Day, 2014; [25] Afrin and Yodo, 2019; [26] Cedergren et al., 2018; [27] Dargin and Mostafavi, 2020; [28] Wang et al., 2019; [29] Chester et al., 2021; [30] Hecht et al., 2019; [31] Liu et al., 2022; [32] Murdock et al., 2018; [33] Rehak et al., 2018; [34] Tiedmann et al., 2023; [35] Cantelmi et al., 2021; [36] Habibi Rad et al., 2021; [37] Bi et al., 2023; [38] Cimellaro et al., 2019; [39] Weir et al., 2024; [40] Kuraganti et al., 2020; [41] Dasuni et al., 2025

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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