Table 1

Stimuli of AI technology studies on authenticity and customer experience in service studies

StudyType of servicePhysical/ social stimuliSymbolic/ natural stimuli
This studyService appsFunctionality (P), media appeal (P) Communicative capability (S), service provision (S), customer support (S)Monetization strategy (SB); situational and cultural fit (SB); moral commitment (SB); rec. precision (SB) Service realism (N); soothing interactions (N); safe disclosure environment (N)
(Vo et al., 2025)Service appsMedia richness (P) Co-branding fit (S) Parent-brand attitude (S)
(Vo et al., 2024)Service appsMedia richness (P)
(Esmark Jones et al., 2022)AI agentGender (S), dress (S)
(Wuenderlich and Paluch, 2017)AI agentVisual (P); identity (P); audio cues (P) Empty phrases (S), colloquial language (S), emotions (S), attentiveness (S), personalization (S)
(Neururer et al., 2018)AI agentLearning from experience (S) Anthropomorph, humanlike conversation (S)Transparent (SB)
(Nguyen et al., 2023)Chatbots in frontline servicesUse of avatars (S) Anthropomorphic language (S)
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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