TableĀ 1

A summary of case companies and interviewees

FirmIndustryFirm age and sizeMain businessInnovation typeInterviewee
AServices (integrated solution for digitalization)Established in 1999, with around 200 employees, and a total revenue of RMB 300 millionFirm A provides R&D, consulting, design, integration, operation, and maintenance services for informatization, automation, and digitalizationProcess innovation and service innovationCEO
BManufacturing and services (plastic production equipment and implementation)Established in 2023, with around 50 employees, and a total revenue of RMB 120 millionFirm B specializes in the design, planning, and implementation of factory solutions in the plastic industryProduct and IT innovationCEO
CServices (media and marketing services)Established in 2016, with around 20 employees and a total revenue of RMB 10 millionFirm C provides business customers with brand marketing planning and comprehensive one-stop promotional servicesSoftware innovationCEO
DManufacturing (consumer electronics)Established in 2009, with around 3,000 employees and a total revenue of RMB 20 billionFirm D focuses on the design and manufacturing of wireless audio and smart electronic productsProduct and process innovationQuality control manager
EManufacturing (laser equipment)Established in 2008, with around 6,100 employees and a total revenue of RMB 36 billionFirm E focuses on the design and manufacturing of laser application equipment used for electronics, power batteries, and metal manufacturingProduct innovationSupply chain manager
FManufacturing (medical devices)Established in 2005, with around 200 employees, and a total revenue of RMB 190 millionFirm F specializes in the research and development, manufacturing, and sales of medical endoscope camera systemsProduct innovationMarketing manager
GServices (pharmaceutical consultancy)Established in 2011, with around 50 employees and a total revenue of 20 millionFirm G focuses on providing pharmaceutical companies with knowledge management systems for regulatory complianceSoftware innovationDigitalization department manager
HManufacturing and e-commerceEstablished in 2020, with around 800 employees and a total revenue of RMB 2 billionFirm H specializes in the design, R&D, and e-commerce of smart home appliancesProduct innovationBusiness segment manager
Source(s): Created by authors

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