Table A2.

Operational coding rules for FT, CT and GPT

TierDefinitionCoding ruleTypical examples
FTsAI-enabling infrastructure and foundational support technologiesPatent primarily relates to hardware, computing, storage, communication or data infrastructure supporting AI development/deploymentAI chips, computing devices, data platforms and cloud/edge infrastructure
CTsCore algorithmic and engineering capabilitiesPatent primarily relates to algorithms, model architectures, learning methods, training, optimisation or AI software frameworksMachine learning algorithms, neural networks and model training methods
GPTsDownstream application-oriented AI technologiesPatent primarily embeds AI into products, services or cross-sector solutionsSmart diagnosis, intelligent logistics and autonomous control systems

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