Table A1.

Description of variables

VariablesDescription
INNOVDummy variable equals to 1 if the firm introduced a new product/service/process in the market in the last 3 years and 0 otherwise
GVC1Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm is a one-way trader, and 0 otherwise
GVC2Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm is a two-way trader, and 0 otherwise
GVC3Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm is a two-way trader with internationally recognized certificate or a share of their capital is owned by a foreign firm, and 0 otherwise
GVC4Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm is a two-way trader with internationally recognized certificate and a share of their capital is owned by a foreign firm, and 0 otherwise
SIZECategorical variable that takes the value 1 if the firm employs less than 20 people, 2 if the firm employs between 20 and 100 people, and 3 for larger firms (more than 100 employees)
LNAGELog of the age of the firm
RDDummy variable equals 1 if the firm spent on R&D activity during the last fiscal year and 0 otherwise
WEBDummy variable equals 1 for firms that has its own website, and 0 otherwise
SKILL% Of full time workers completed high school
TRAINDummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm has a formal training programmes for permanent, full-time employees in last fiscal year
FINANCECategorical variable that measures the level of severity of access to funding as a barrier to current operations: no barrier (0) to very severe barrier (4)
FDIDummy variable equals 1 if the share of foreign ownership in the firm is greater than or equal to 10%, and otherwise 0
FEMALEDummy variable equals 1 if there is at least one woman among the owners of the firm
LNEXPERLog of the number of years of experience of the top manager
MANUFDummy variable that takes the value 1 if the firm in manufacturing sector, and 0 otherwise
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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