Table 2 Classification of studies into...

Table 2

Classification of studies into six main themes

	Private sector studies	Public sector studies	Hybrid studies	Total	Percentage
Theme 1	(4 private sector studies) 11.4%	(1 public sector study) 9.0%	(17 hybrid studies) 22.4%	22	18.0
		Convery and Kaufman (2022)
	Di Vaio et al. (2024)
	Treepongkaruna (2024)
	Herbohn and Herbohn (1999)
	Tashakor et al. (2019)		Wildavsky (1994)
			Keckel et al. (2025)
			Atkins and Maroun (2020)
			Ferreira (2017)
Biodiversity practices and characteristics			Lanka et al. (2017)
			Tregidga (2013)
			Weir (2019)
			Tregidga and Laine (2022)
			Wilson (2010)
			Feger and Mermet (2017)
			Bebbington et al. (2020)
			Blanco-Zaitegi et al. (2022)
			Roberts et al. (2021)
			Bebbington et al. (2023)
			Larrinaga and Garcia-Torea (2022)
			Zaikov (1985)
			Schaltegger (1997)
Theme 2	(3 private sector study) 8.6%	(2 public sector studies) 18.2%	(14 hybrid studies) 18.4%	19	15.6
		Weir (2018)
		Atkins and McBride (2022)
	Uyar et al. (2025)
	Hambali and Adhariani (2024)
	Powell and Tilt (2017)
			Cuckston (2021)
			Roberts and Elamer (2025)
			Orazalin et al. (2024)
			Ali et al. (2024)
			Atkins and Maroun (2018)
Determinants of biodiversity			Russell et al. (2017)
			Kuzmiak (1995)
			Lüdeke-Freund et al. (2012)
			Singh and Bharti (2023)
			Cuckston (2018a)
			Descalzo-Ruiz (2022)
			Atkins et al. (2023)
			Vollmer (2020)
			Wang (2019)
Theme 3	(2 private sector study) 5.7%	(0 public sector study) 0%	(9 hybrid studies) 11.8%	11	9.0
	He et al. (2025)
	Chen et al. (2025)		Arjalies and Gibassier (2023)
			Cuckston (2018b)
			Denedo et al. (2017)
Socioeconomic consequences of biodiversity			Gibson (2000)
			Swift (2010)
			Olatunji (2017)
			van Wyk (2010)
			Saud et al. (2020)
			Cho et al. (2022)
Theme 4	(0 private sector study) 0%	(0 public sector study) 0%	(1 hybrid studies) 1.3%	1	0.8
compliance with regulations on biodiversity			Adler et al. (2021)
Theme 5	(4 private sector studies) 11.4%	(4 public sector studies) 36.4%	(32 hybrid studies) 42.1%	40	32.8
			Freeman and Groom (2013)
			Layman et al. (2024)
	Atkins et al. (2018)		Layman et al. (2024)
			Cuckston (2013)
			Cuckston (2017)
			Cuckston (2018c)
			Cuckston (2019)
Proposed index/framework or model/new disclosure/reporting measurement methods for biodiversity			Gaia and Jones (2017)
			Feger and Mermet (2021)
			Gray and Milne (2018)
			Jones and Solomon (2013)
			Khan (2014)
		Samkin and Wingard (2021)
			Samkin et al. (2014)
			Siddiqui (2013)
			Sullivan and Hannis (2017)
	van Liempd and Busch (2013)
	Burritt and Cummings (2002)
			Burritt and Salamanca (1995)
			Dick et al. (2014)
			Vignieri (2023)
			Horner and Davidson (2020)
	Morrison et al. (2022)
			Powell and McGuigan (2023)
		Hossain (2017)
		Büchling and Maroun (2021)
			Maroun and Atkins (2021)
		Rimmel (2021)
			Zhang and Noronha (2023)
			Oncioiu (2012)
			Hayden (2014)
			Mel'nik (1984)
			Wackernagel et al. (1999)
			Verburg and Osseweijer (2019)
			Turner and Tschirhart (1999)
			Roa et al. (2023)
			Jones (2010)
			Jin et al. (2023)
			Holland (2003)
			Hassan et al. (2021)
Theme 6	(22 private sector studies) 62.9%	(4 public sector studies) 36.4%	(3 hybrid study) 4.0%	29	23.8
	Blanco-Zaitegi et al. (2024)		Ackers and Adebayo (2024)
	Maroun and Ecim (2024)
	Azizi et al. (2025)
	Hummel et al. (2022)
	Adler et al. (2017)
	Adler et al. (2018)
		McBride et al. (2023)
	Rimmel and Jonäll (2013)
Disclosure/reporting on biodiversity, conservation and extinction	Haque and Jones (2020)
	Jones (1996)
	Dutta and Dutta (2023)
		Barut et al. (2016)
	Hinkes and Peter (2020)

	Ogilvy et al. (2022)
	Raar et al. (2020)
		Schneider et al. (2014)
	Sun and Lange (2023)
	Yook et al. (2017)
	Zhao and Atkins (2021)
	Maroun and Atkins (2018)
	Husin et al. (2018)
			Husin et al. (2021)
			Corvino et al. (2021)
	Hassan et al. (2022)
	Marco-Fondevila and Álvarez-Etxeberría (2023)
		Gaia and Jones (2020)
	Mansoor and Maroun (2016)
	Usher and Maroun (2018)
Total	35	11	76	122	100%
Total %	28.7	9.0	62.3	100%

	Private sector studies	Public sector studies	Hybrid studies	Total	Percentage
Theme 1	(4 private sector studies) 11.4%	(1 public sector study) 9.0%	(17 hybrid studies) 22.4%	22	18.0
		Convery and Kaufman (2022)
	Di Vaio et al. (2024)
	Treepongkaruna (2024)
	Herbohn and Herbohn (1999)
	Tashakor et al. (2019)		Wildavsky (1994)
			Keckel et al. (2025)
			Atkins and Maroun (2020)
			Ferreira (2017)
Biodiversity practices and characteristics			Lanka et al. (2017)
			Tregidga (2013)
			Weir (2019)
			Tregidga and Laine (2022)
			Wilson (2010)
			Feger and Mermet (2017)
			Bebbington et al. (2020)
			Blanco-Zaitegi et al. (2022)
			Roberts et al. (2021)
			Bebbington et al. (2023)
			Larrinaga and Garcia-Torea (2022)
			Zaikov (1985)
			Schaltegger (1997)
Theme 2	(3 private sector study) 8.6%	(2 public sector studies) 18.2%	(14 hybrid studies) 18.4%	19	15.6
		Weir (2018)
		Atkins and McBride (2022)
	Uyar et al. (2025)
	Hambali and Adhariani (2024)
	Powell and Tilt (2017)
			Cuckston (2021)
			Roberts and Elamer (2025)
			Orazalin et al. (2024)
			Ali et al. (2024)
			Atkins and Maroun (2018)
Determinants of biodiversity			Russell et al. (2017)
			Kuzmiak (1995)
			Lüdeke-Freund et al. (2012)
			Singh and Bharti (2023)
			Cuckston (2018a)
			Descalzo-Ruiz (2022)
			Atkins et al. (2023)
			Vollmer (2020)
			Wang (2019)
Theme 3	(2 private sector study) 5.7%	(0 public sector study) 0%	(9 hybrid studies) 11.8%	11	9.0
	He et al. (2025)
	Chen et al. (2025)		Arjalies and Gibassier (2023)
			Cuckston (2018b)
			Denedo et al. (2017)
Socioeconomic consequences of biodiversity			Gibson (2000)
			Swift (2010)
			Olatunji (2017)
			van Wyk (2010)
			Saud et al. (2020)
			Cho et al. (2022)
Theme 4	(0 private sector study) 0%	(0 public sector study) 0%	(1 hybrid studies) 1.3%	1	0.8
compliance with regulations on biodiversity			Adler et al. (2021)
Theme 5	(4 private sector studies) 11.4%	(4 public sector studies) 36.4%	(32 hybrid studies) 42.1%	40	32.8
			Freeman and Groom (2013)
			Layman et al. (2024)
	Atkins et al. (2018)		Layman et al. (2024)
			Cuckston (2013)
			Cuckston (2017)
			Cuckston (2018c)
			Cuckston (2019)
Proposed index/framework or model/new disclosure/reporting measurement methods for biodiversity			Gaia and Jones (2017)
			Feger and Mermet (2021)
			Gray and Milne (2018)
			Jones and Solomon (2013)
			Khan (2014)
		Samkin and Wingard (2021)
			Samkin et al. (2014)
			Siddiqui (2013)
			Sullivan and Hannis (2017)
	van Liempd and Busch (2013)
	Burritt and Cummings (2002)
			Burritt and Salamanca (1995)
			Dick et al. (2014)
			Vignieri (2023)
			Horner and Davidson (2020)
	Morrison et al. (2022)
			Powell and McGuigan (2023)
		Hossain (2017)
		Büchling and Maroun (2021)
			Maroun and Atkins (2021)
		Rimmel (2021)
			Zhang and Noronha (2023)
			Oncioiu (2012)
			Hayden (2014)
			Mel'nik (1984)
			Wackernagel et al. (1999)
			Verburg and Osseweijer (2019)
			Turner and Tschirhart (1999)
			Roa et al. (2023)
			Jones (2010)
			Jin et al. (2023)
			Holland (2003)
			Hassan et al. (2021)
Theme 6	(22 private sector studies) 62.9%	(4 public sector studies) 36.4%	(3 hybrid study) 4.0%	29	23.8
	Blanco-Zaitegi et al. (2024)		Ackers and Adebayo (2024)
	Maroun and Ecim (2024)
	Azizi et al. (2025)
	Hummel et al. (2022)
	Adler et al. (2017)
	Adler et al. (2018)
		McBride et al. (2023)
	Rimmel and Jonäll (2013)
Disclosure/reporting on biodiversity, conservation and extinction	Haque and Jones (2020)
	Jones (1996)
	Dutta and Dutta (2023)
		Barut et al. (2016)
	Hinkes and Peter (2020)

	Ogilvy et al. (2022)
	Raar et al. (2020)
		Schneider et al. (2014)
	Sun and Lange (2023)
	Yook et al. (2017)
	Zhao and Atkins (2021)
	Maroun and Atkins (2018)
	Husin et al. (2018)
			Husin et al. (2021)
			Corvino et al. (2021)
	Hassan et al. (2022)
	Marco-Fondevila and Álvarez-Etxeberría (2023)
		Gaia and Jones (2020)
	Mansoor and Maroun (2016)
	Usher and Maroun (2018)
Total	35	11	76	122	100%
Total %	28.7	9.0	62.3	100%

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