Table 4

Key theories/models/concepts of emotions used in organisation research

Key theory/model/conceptBasic assumptions (key authors)Level of analysis (mostly used)
Evolutionary theory of emotionThere are primary emotions (the evolved emotions needed for survival) and secondary emotions (develop progressively over the lifetime of the organism)Individual level
Emotions motivate us to avoid statistically regular threats in the environment (Damasio, 1994)
Appraisal theoryEmotions are adaptive responses which reflect appraisals of features of the environment that are significant for the organism's well-being (Arnold, 1960)Individual level
Affective events theoryEmotional states at work are determined by the occurrence of discrete work eventsIndividual level
Theory of constructed emotionEmotions are not biologically hardwired but rather constructed from our experiences, language, and context (Barrett, 2017)Individual level
Regulatory focus theory of emotionsEmotions are determined by personal focus on promotion (self-promotion) or prevention (self-defence) (Brockner and Higgins, 2001)Between persons
Circumplex model of affectEmotions can be categorised and related to one another, creating a circular representation of emotional states (Russell, 1980)Between persons
Attachment theoryExplores how early relationships with caregivers shape emotional responses throughout life (Bowlby et al., 1992)Between persons
Emotion intelligenceInvolves a person's abilities to understand and manage emotions successfully (in self and others) (Goleman, 2019)Between persons
Emotional labourThe act of managing emotion in the service of one's job (Hochschild, 1983)Interpersonal interaction
Leader-member exchange modelLeaders and group members exhibit different quality relationships, based on the social exchanges with the leader. Higher quality relationships between leaders and members are associated with positive emotions (Ashkanasy, 2003, p. 34)Groups and teams
Emotional climateAn objective group phenomenon that can be palpably sensed – as when enters a party or a city and feels an attitude of gaiety or depression, openness and fear (De Rivera, 1992, p. 197)Organisation culture and climate
Source(s): Developed by the authors

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