Table 3 One sample t -tests for LABS-III...

Table 3

One sample t-tests for LABS-III with thinking scales and study groupings

Group		Scale
			Hierarchical thinking			Systemic thinking
		N	t	p	Cohen’s d	t	p	Cohen’s d
Wielkiewicz (2000) Scale means^a	All graduates	109	−1.70	0.09	−0.20	−5.46	0.00***	−0.59
	Secondary	50	−1.89	0.06	−0.33	−4.23	0.00***	−0.67
	Undergraduate	55	−0.66	0.51	−0.10	−3.69	0.00***	−0.56
	Almost always leader	41	−1.00	0.32	−0.19	−4.38	0.00***	−0.76
Wielkiewicz (2000) Female means^b	All graduates	109	−2.72	0.00***	−0.32	−4.46	0.00***	−0.48
	Secondary	50	−2.56	0.01*	−0.45	−3.54	0.00***	−0.56
	Undergraduate	55	−1.47	0.14	−0.23	−2.99	0.00***	−0.45
	Almost always leader	41	−1.63	0.11	−0.31	−3.75	0.00***	−0.65

Group		Scale
			Hierarchical thinking			Systemic thinking
		N	t	p	Cohen’s d	t	p	Cohen’s d
Wielkiewicz (2000)Scale means^a	All graduates	109	−1.70	0.09	−0.20	−5.46	0.00***	−0.59
	Secondary	50	−1.89	0.06	−0.33	−4.23	0.00***	−0.67
	Undergraduate	55	−0.66	0.51	−0.10	−3.69	0.00***	−0.56
	Almost always leader	41	−1.00	0.32	−0.19	−4.38	0.00***	−0.76
Wielkiewicz (2000)Female means^b	All graduates	109	−2.72	0.00***	−0.32	−4.46	0.00***	−0.48
	Secondary	50	−2.56	0.01*	−0.45	−3.54	0.00***	−0.56
	Undergraduate	55	−1.47	0.14	−0.23	−2.99	0.00***	−0.45
	Almost always leader	41	−1.63	0.11	−0.31	−3.75	0.00***	−0.65

Note(s): *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001

Wielkiewicz (2000) Hierarchical Scale M = 42.33 with SD of 7.33 and N = 676. Wielkiewicz (2000) Systemic Scale M = 27.41 with SD of 6.55 and N = 676.

Wielkiewicz (2000) Hierarchical Scale Female M = 43.64 with SD of 7.37 and N = 309. Wielkiewicz (2000) Systemic Scale M = 26.57 with SD of 6.12 and N = 309

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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