Table 3 Study characteristics Study... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Study characteristics

Study	Country	Research design	Course area	Participants/Sample	Course delivery mode
Dulfer et al. (2024)	Australia	Mixed method	International education	Survey: 20 alumni from a postgraduate online course, focus groups: 8 participants, individual interviews: 4 participants	Flipped course in bichronous online format (asynchronous and synchronous components)
Kingsley and Mihai (2023)	USA	Mixed method	Children’s literature for one course. The area for the 2nd course is not provided	36 undergraduate students	Two asynchronous online courses
Guajardo (2023)	Japan	Qualitative	Special Studies in General Education (“Democracy, Dialogue,” and “Global Leadership” courses)	About 30 students	Two synchronous online courses
Zhou et al. (2023)	USA	Quantitative	Chemistry	253 undergraduate students	Asynchronous online course with voluntary synchronous components
Thacker, Seyranian, Madva, Duong et al. (2022)	USA	Mixed method	STEM (Physics and Calculus)	Survey: 43 undergraduate students, small group or individual interviews: 23 students	Synchronous and asynchronous online courses
James et al. (2022)	Australia	Qualitative	Enabling courses	25 educators	Bichronous online courses
Clements et al. (2022)	USA	Mixed method	Biology	Survey: 575 students, focus groups: 333 students	In-person and flipped courses in bichronous online format
Edwards et al. (2022)	USA	Quantitative	Chemistry	725 students	An asynchronous online course and a bichronous online course
Thacker, Seyranian, Madva, and Beardsley (2022)	USA	Qualitative	STEM	25 STEM faculty	Synchronous and asynchronous teaching modes
Cox et al. (2021)	USA	Mixed method	Chemistry	283 students	Bichronous online format
Thomas et al. (2014)	Australia	Qualitative	Different disciplines	21 students and 46 teaching staff (individual interviews or focus groups)	A variety of online courses- teaching mode is not specified
Cheryan et al. (2011)	USA	Mixed method	Computer Science	Three experiments: Experiment 1: 59 students, experiment 2: 62 students, experiment 3: 34 students	NA- Classrooms created in Second Life for the experiments

Study	Country	Research design	Course area	Participants/Sample	Course delivery mode
Dulfer et al. (2024)	Australia	Mixed method	International education	Survey: 20 alumni from a postgraduate online course, focus groups: 8 participants, individual interviews: 4 participants	Flipped course in bichronous online format (asynchronous and synchronous components)
Kingsley and Mihai (2023)	USA	Mixed method	Children’s literature for one course. The area for the 2nd course is not provided	36 undergraduate students	Two asynchronous online courses
Guajardo (2023)	Japan	Qualitative	Special Studies in General Education (“Democracy, Dialogue,” and “Global Leadership” courses)	About 30 students	Two synchronous online courses
Zhou et al. (2023)	USA	Quantitative	Chemistry	253 undergraduate students	Asynchronous online course with voluntary synchronous components
Thacker, Seyranian, Madva, Duong et al. (2022)	USA	Mixed method	STEM (Physics and Calculus)	Survey: 43 undergraduate students, small group or individual interviews: 23 students	Synchronous and asynchronous online courses
James et al. (2022)	Australia	Qualitative	Enabling courses	25 educators	Bichronous online courses
Clements et al. (2022)	USA	Mixed method	Biology	Survey: 575 students, focus groups: 333 students	In-person and flipped courses in bichronous online format
Edwards et al. (2022)	USA	Quantitative	Chemistry	725 students	An asynchronous online course and a bichronous online course
Thacker, Seyranian, Madva, and Beardsley (2022)	USA	Qualitative	STEM	25 STEM faculty	Synchronous and asynchronous teaching modes
Cox et al. (2021)	USA	Mixed method	Chemistry	283 students	Bichronous online format
Thomas et al. (2014)	Australia	Qualitative	Different disciplines	21 students and 46 teaching staff (individual interviews or focus groups)	A variety of online courses- teaching mode is not specified
Cheryan et al. (2011)	USA	Mixed method	Computer Science	Three experiments: Experiment 1: 59 students, experiment 2: 62 students, experiment 3: 34 students	NA- Classrooms created in Second Life for the experiments

Source(s): Author’s own work