Table 4

Classification of antecedents by level

Individual levelCourse levelEnvironmental level
SociodemographicAcademic performanceCourse and instructor characteristics
GenderMid-term performanceCourse design and structure (e.g. course content offered in modules)COVID-19 pandemic
EthnicityCompetency belonging (based on competency demonstrated in the course and former courses)Instructor pedagogy such as caring pedagogy 
  Relationship with peers and instructor 
  Interactive synchronous instruction, including interactive weekly webinars and learning assistants 
  Opportunities for interaction, including small groups in Zoom class sessions and study together groups 
  Design of the virtual learning environment (e.g. objects in a virtual world) 
  Using a video-based discussion tool (e.g. FLIP) 

Source(s): Author’s own work

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