Linking empirical findings to AI-BIM framework pillars
| Empirical finding (Ethiopia) | Supporting literature | Strategic framework pillar | Contextual interpretation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RIM practice | Limited interdepartmental coordination | Naji et al. (2024) | Processes | Reflects institutional fragmentation; emphasises the importance of integrated workflows, collaborative platforms, and cross-agency coordination mechanisms |
| Stakeholder collaboration challenges | Asif et al. (2024) | People/Processes | Indicates weak stakeholder engagement; suggests strengthening communication frameworks and collaborative decision-making structures | |
| Outdated technologies and manual systems | Kesto and Tsega (2022), Melaku Belay et al. (2021) | Technology | Highlights low digital maturity; calls for investment in digital infrastructure, interoperable systems, and adoption of emerging technologies such as AI, BIM and AI-BIM integration | |
| AI-BIM adoption challenges | Lack of skilled personnel | Olugboyega and Windapo (2021), Saka and Chan (2019a, b) | People | Highlights Ethiopia's human resource limitations; underscores the critical need for capacity-building initiatives, professional training programs, and institutional skill development to support AI-BIM adoption |
| High initial investment cost | Hamma-Adama et al. (2020), Ismail et al. (2022) | Budget | Reflects financial constraints and limited public-sector funding; emphasises the importance of investment planning, cost-benefit analysis and exploring public-private partnerships | |
| Resistance to change | Rane et al. (2024), Tan et al. (2019) | People/Processes | Indicates organisational culture challenges and low technology acceptance; suggests the need for change management strategies, awareness programs, and incremental implementation approaches | |
| Lack of clear policies and regulations | Srivastava et al. (2022), Semunigus (2020) | Policy | Demonstrates regulatory and institutional gaps; highlights the necessity of establishing supportive legal frameworks, standards, and national digitalisation strategies | |
| Poor data quality and accessibility | Naji et al. (2024) | Data | Reveals weak data governance systems; underscores the need for structured data management, data standardisation, and integration mechanisms | |
| AI-BIM adoption benefits | BIM enhances decision-making | Ozturk and Tunca (2020) | Technology/Data | Demonstrates readiness for digital transformation and supports the use of AI-BIM for predictive analytics and evidence-based decision-making |
| AI-BIM improves resilience and sustainability | Salleh et al. (2019), Bilge and Yaman (2021) | Technology/Processes | Reflects awareness of inefficiencies in current RIM; aligns with sustainability goals and long-term asset management | |
| AI-BIM enhances stakeholder collaboration and project delivery | Hetemi et al. (2020), Ma et al. (2020) | People/Processes | Indicates potential for improved communication and coordination across departments; reinforces the need for collaboration-focused strategies | |
| AI-BIM Lifecycle cost optimisation and efficiency | Pishdad and Onungwa (2024) | Processes/Budget | Emphasises long-term economic benefits and supports the integration of lifecycle thinking into infrastructure planning and management |
| Empirical finding (Ethiopia) | Supporting literature | Strategic framework pillar | Contextual interpretation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RIM practice | Limited interdepartmental coordination | Processes | Reflects institutional fragmentation; emphasises the importance of integrated workflows, collaborative platforms, and cross-agency coordination mechanisms | |
| Stakeholder collaboration challenges | People/Processes | Indicates weak stakeholder engagement; suggests strengthening communication frameworks and collaborative decision-making structures | ||
| Outdated technologies and manual systems | Technology | Highlights low digital maturity; calls for investment in digital infrastructure, interoperable systems, and adoption of emerging technologies such as AI, BIM and AI-BIM integration | ||
| AI-BIM adoption challenges | Lack of skilled personnel | People | Highlights Ethiopia's human resource limitations; underscores the critical need for capacity-building initiatives, professional training programs, and institutional skill development to support AI-BIM adoption | |
| High initial investment cost | Budget | Reflects financial constraints and limited public-sector funding; emphasises the importance of investment planning, cost-benefit analysis and exploring public-private partnerships | ||
| Resistance to change | People/Processes | Indicates organisational culture challenges and low technology acceptance; suggests the need for change management strategies, awareness programs, and incremental implementation approaches | ||
| Lack of clear policies and regulations | Policy | Demonstrates regulatory and institutional gaps; highlights the necessity of establishing supportive legal frameworks, standards, and national digitalisation strategies | ||
| Poor data quality and accessibility | Data | Reveals weak data governance systems; underscores the need for structured data management, data standardisation, and integration mechanisms | ||
| AI-BIM adoption benefits | BIM enhances decision-making | Technology/Data | Demonstrates readiness for digital transformation and supports the use of AI-BIM for predictive analytics and evidence-based decision-making | |
| AI-BIM improves resilience and sustainability | Technology/Processes | Reflects awareness of inefficiencies in current RIM; aligns with sustainability goals and long-term asset management | ||
| AI-BIM enhances stakeholder collaboration and project delivery | People/Processes | Indicates potential for improved communication and coordination across departments; reinforces the need for collaboration-focused strategies | ||
| AI-BIM Lifecycle cost optimisation and efficiency | Processes/Budget | Emphasises long-term economic benefits and supports the integration of lifecycle thinking into infrastructure planning and management |
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