Table 2

Tools expected to be used in the proposed model for trustworthy and ethical healthcare systems

ChallengesTools used
Privacy and confidentialityEncryption, Secure Data Storage, Access Control, Data Anonymization, Data Protection Agreements, Pseudonymization, and Privacy-Preserving Technologies to enhance patient data security and ensure compliance with regulations like GDPR
Data ownership and controlTransparency and Accountability, Data Governance Frameworks, Data Privacy and Security Tools, Data Management Platforms, Identity and Access Management Systems, Audit and Compliance Tools, Blockchain Technology
Bias and discriminationFairness and Bias Detection Algorithms, Explainable AI (XAI), Data Governance Policies, User and Patient Engagement, Independent Oversight Mechanisms
Informed consentPrivacy Notices, Electronic Consent Forms, Secure Messaging Systems, Decision-Making Software, EHRs
InteroperabilityStandardized Data Exchange Formats (e.g., HL7, FHIR), HIE Networks, Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
Legal and regulatory frameworkPrivacy and Security Policies, EHR Systems, Compliance Management Software, Audit Trails, Contract Management Software
Implementation barriersChange Management Tools, Project Management Software, Stakeholder Engagement Frameworks, Data Analytics Tools, IT Support Systems, Continuous Improvement Methodologies
Real-time applicationInfrastructure Supporting High Availability and Real-Time Data Processing, Fault-Tolerant Systems, Lightweight Encryption Protocols for Internet of Things (IoT) Devices, Real-Time Monitoring Tools
Source(s): Author’s own work

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