Table 6.

Two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression results

VariableROAEBIT marginNP margin
Points ratio t – 2 (IV)−0.071(0.134)0.449**(0.212)0.581***(0.198)
Size−0.392(1.844)−10.840***(3.086)−12.552***(3.093)
Debt ratio−7.188***(1.806)−6.206**(2.535)−9.377***(2.555)
Wage turnover ratio−0.681***(0.053)−1.257***(0.084)−0.992***(0.086)
Capital intensity−15.086***(4.368)−18.229***(6.815)−16.638**(6.446)
Intangible assets ratio−7.695**(3.777)−15.087**(6.603)−9.073(6.307)
Stadium capacity−0.909(1.334)−1.337(2.273)−2.202(1.953)
Stadium ownership−2.107(1.470)−0.453(2.396)0.855(2.189)
Relegation−4.542(3.225)−0.190(4.829)2.218(4.139)
Ownership concentration−5.442*(3.255)−16.320***(6.262)−13.007**(5.627)
Num. obs.288288288
First stage F-stat49.749.749.7
Wu-Hausman stat0.6690.6453.190
Wu-Hausman p-value0.4140.4230.075
Note(s):

*p < 0.05,

**p < 0.01,

***p < 0.001

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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