Scales and measures
| Constructs | Coding | Items | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Competitiveness | Ávila (2022) | ||
| COMP1 | 1. In terms of research and development, this company is more capable than its competitors | ||
| COMP2 | 2. This company has better capacity management than its competitors | ||
| COMP3 | 3. This company is more profitable than its competitors | ||
| COMP4 | 4. The corporate image of this company is superior to that of its competitors | ||
| COMP5 | 5. Competitors find it hard to gain a competitive advantage over my company | ||
| Sustainability-oriented resource availability | Jiao et al., 2020 | ||
| RES_AV1 | 1. Our company has qualified human resources to adopt sustainable operations | ||
| RES_AV2 | 2. Our company has a stable and reliable source of environmentally friendly materials | ||
| RES_AV3 | 3. Our company has the necessary knowledge and technologies relevant to sustainable operations adoption | ||
| RES_AV4 | 4. Our company has energy-efficiency production equipment to support sustainable operations adoption | ||
| RES_AV5 | 5. Our company has a supportive external environment, such as technology alliance with technology institutions and cooperation with universities | ||
| Innovative capabilities | Ávila (2022) | ||
| INN_CAP1 | 1. Innovation capability is a key factor for recruitment | ||
| INN_CAP2 | 2. On the whole, our company encourages staff to be innovative | ||
| INN_CAP3 | 3. Our company always procures the acquisition of new skills and/or equipment to improve manufacturing operations or service-oriented processes | ||
| INN_CAP4 | 4. New skills are always being developed so as to transform old products into new and innovative ones. These products are destined for the market | ||
| INN_CAP5 | 5. Our company has superior research and development capabilities for new products or services in comparison to that of our competitors | ||
| Responsible innovation | Adomako and Tran (2022) | ||
| RESP_INN1 | 1. Our company produces new products/services that demonstrate a willingness to add value to customers’ well-being | ||
| RESP_INN2 | 2. On average, each year, we introduce new products/services that provide social welfare needs of our customers | ||
| RESP_INN3 | 3. Industry experts would say that we are more prolific when it comes to launching products that aim at implementing resource conservation and environmental protection | ||
| RESP_INN4 | 4. Our new product offerings offer solutions for a better future | ||
| RESP_INN5 | 5. Our company has introduced new products/services that capture the responsible side of innovation | ||
| RESP_INN6 | 6. Our company is good at introducing responsible solutions to a meaningful problem | ||
| Organisational support | Lee et al., 2018 | ||
| ORG_SUPP1 | 1. I think our top management initiates environmental strategies to improve environmental performance | ||
| ORG_SUPP2 | 2. I think our company provides resources to deal with environmental issues | ||
| ORG_SUPP3 | 3. I think our company provides written guidelines on how to follow green practices | ||
| ORG_SUPP4 | 4. I think our company provides a code of environmental ethics and standards of practice for the environment | ||
| CEO Age | CEO_AGE | Your age is: 1. 18–3; 2. 31–45;3. 46–60; 4. more than 60 | Branca et al., 2025; Intenza et al., 2025 |
| CEO Gender | CEO_GENDER | Your gender is: 1. Male; 2. Female; 3. Other | Ciampi et al., 2021; Marzi et al., 2023 |
| CEO Experience | CEO_EXP | Your experience in the industry where your company is operating: 1. less than 1 year; 2. 1–5 years; 3. 6–10 years; 4. more than 10 years | Ciampi et al., 2021; Marzi et al., 2023 |
| Firm Size | FIRM_SIZE | The number of employees in your company is: 1. Less than 5; 2. 5–20; 3. 21–50; 4. 51–250; 5. 250–500; 6. Greater than 500 | Marzi et al., 2023 |
| Sector | SECTOR | How do you define the sector your company is operating in? 0. Low-tech; 1. High-tech | Ramirez et al., 2018 |
| Market | MARKET | The main customers of your company are: 0. Business-to-business customer; 1. Mass market customer | Marzi et al., 2023 |
| Constructs | Coding | Items | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Competitiveness | |||
| COMP1 | 1. In terms of research and development, this company is more capable than its competitors | ||
| COMP2 | 2. This company has better capacity management than its competitors | ||
| COMP3 | 3. This company is more profitable than its competitors | ||
| COMP4 | 4. The corporate image of this company is superior to that of its competitors | ||
| COMP5 | 5. Competitors find it hard to gain a competitive advantage over my company | ||
| Sustainability-oriented resource availability | |||
| RES_AV1 | 1. Our company has qualified human resources to adopt sustainable operations | ||
| RES_AV2 | 2. Our company has a stable and reliable source of environmentally friendly materials | ||
| RES_AV3 | 3. Our company has the necessary knowledge and technologies relevant to sustainable operations adoption | ||
| RES_AV4 | 4. Our company has energy-efficiency production equipment to support sustainable operations adoption | ||
| RES_AV5 | 5. Our company has a supportive external environment, such as technology alliance with technology institutions and cooperation with universities | ||
| Innovative capabilities | |||
| INN_CAP1 | 1. Innovation capability is a key factor for recruitment | ||
| INN_CAP2 | 2. On the whole, our company encourages staff to be innovative | ||
| INN_CAP3 | 3. Our company always procures the acquisition of new skills and/or equipment to improve manufacturing operations or service-oriented processes | ||
| INN_CAP4 | 4. New skills are always being developed so as to transform old products into new and innovative ones. These products are destined for the market | ||
| INN_CAP5 | 5. Our company has superior research and development capabilities for new products or services in comparison to that of our competitors | ||
| Responsible innovation | |||
| RESP_INN1 | 1. Our company produces new products/services that demonstrate a willingness to add value to customers’ well-being | ||
| RESP_INN2 | 2. On average, each year, we introduce new products/services that provide social welfare needs of our customers | ||
| RESP_INN3 | 3. Industry experts would say that we are more prolific when it comes to launching products that aim at implementing resource conservation and environmental protection | ||
| RESP_INN4 | 4. Our new product offerings offer solutions for a better future | ||
| RESP_INN5 | 5. Our company has introduced new products/services that capture the responsible side of innovation | ||
| RESP_INN6 | 6. Our company is good at introducing responsible solutions to a meaningful problem | ||
| Organisational support | |||
| ORG_SUPP1 | 1. I think our top management initiates environmental strategies to improve environmental performance | ||
| ORG_SUPP2 | 2. I think our company provides resources to deal with environmental issues | ||
| ORG_SUPP3 | 3. I think our company provides written guidelines on how to follow green practices | ||
| ORG_SUPP4 | 4. I think our company provides a code of environmental ethics and standards of practice for the environment | ||
| CEO_AGE | Your age is: 1. 18–3; 2. 31–45;3. 46–60; 4. more than 60 | ||
| CEO_GENDER | Your gender is: 1. Male; 2. Female; 3. Other | ||
| CEO_EXP | Your experience in the industry where your company is operating: 1. less than 1 year; 2. 1–5 years; 3. 6–10 years; 4. more than 10 years | ||
| Firm Size | FIRM_SIZE | The number of employees in your company is: 1. Less than 5; 2. 5–20; 3. 21–50; 4. 51–250; 5. 250–500; 6. Greater than 500 | |
| Sector | How do you define the sector your company is operating in? 0. Low-tech; 1. High-tech | ||
| Market | The main customers of your company are: 0. Business-to-business customer; 1. Mass market customer |
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