Table 1 Description of variables... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Description of variables

Variables	Code	Description	Source
Independent variables
Employee development	EST	Extent to which companies invest in employee training and development	WEF
Cooperation in labour-employer relations	CLE	Cooperation in labour–employer relations that can be generally confrontational or generally cooperative	WEF
Relationship of pay to productivity	PPR	Extent to which pay is related to employee productivity	WEF
Reliance on professional management	RPM	Reliance on professional management relating to whether in a given country senior management positions hold relatives and friends without regard to merit, or professional managers chosen for merit and qualifications	WEF
Willingness to delegate authority	WDA	Willingness to delegate authority to subordinates relating to whether in a given country top management controls all important decisions or authority is mostly delegated to business unit heads and other lower-level managers	WEF
Dependent variables
Output per worker	OPW	GDP per worker in constant 2021 international dollars at purchasing power parity	ILOSTAT data explorer from
Structural change	SCH	Structural change refers to the movement of labour and other productive resources from low-productivity to high-productivity economic activities	UNCTADstat
Productive capacities index	PCI	The levels of productive capacities based on three pillars: the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages which together determine the capacity of a country to produce goods and services and enable it to grow and develop	UNCTADstat
Gross Domestic Product per capita	GDP pc	According to the World Bank, GDP pc provides a basic measure of the value of output per person, which is an indirect indicator of per capita income. The change in GDP pc is considered broad measure of increase or decrease in economic productivity	UNCTADstat

Variables	Code	Description	Source
Independent variables
Employee development	EST	Extent to which companies invest in employee training and development	WEF
Cooperation in labour-employer relations	CLE	Cooperation in labour–employer relations that can be generally confrontational or generally cooperative	WEF
Relationship of pay to productivity	PPR	Extent to which pay is related to employee productivity	WEF
Reliance on professional management	RPM	Reliance on professional management relating to whether in a given country senior management positions hold relatives and friends without regard to merit, or professional managers chosen for merit and qualifications	WEF
Willingness to delegate authority	WDA	Willingness to delegate authority to subordinates relating to whether in a given country top management controls all important decisions or authority is mostly delegated to business unit heads and other lower-level managers	WEF
Dependent variables
Output per worker	OPW	GDP per worker in constant 2021 international dollars at purchasing power parity	ILOSTAT data explorer from
Structural change	SCH	Structural change refers to the movement of labour and other productive resources from low-productivity to high-productivity economic activities	UNCTADstat
Productive capacities index	PCI	The levels of productive capacities based on three pillars: the productive resources, entrepreneurial capabilities and production linkages which together determine the capacity of a country to produce goods and services and enable it to grow and develop	UNCTADstat
Gross Domestic Product per capita	GDP pc	According to the World Bank, GDP pc provides a basic measure of the value of output per person, which is an indirect indicator of per capita income. The change in GDP pc is considered broad measure of increase or decrease in economic productivity	UNCTADstat

Source(s): Authors’ elaboration