Table 1.

Variable definitions and their measurements

No.AbbreviationVariableMeasurementSource
Dependent variable
1GEGGreen economic growthGEG = GDP + EEXP – MDEP – FDEP – CEMIWDI
Independent variables
2IQInstitutional qualityInstitutional quality indexWGI
3NICNational intellectual capitalNational intellectual capital indexVo & Tran (2025) 
Control variables
4FDFinancial developmentBroad money supply (per cent of GDP)WDI
5TRTrade opennessTrade (per cent of GDP)WDI
6GVEGovernment expenditure on educationGovernment expenditure on education (per cent of GDP)WDI
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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