Summary of EKC patterns between economic development and environmental indicators
| Economic indicator | Environmental indicator | Regime 1 | Regime 2 | Regime 3 | EKC form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lnGDPC | lnCO2 | +*** | +*** | + | Monotonic increase |
| lnTGHG | +*** | +*** | + | Monotonic increase | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | −*** | Inverted U | ||
| lnCR | lnCO2 | + | −*** | Inverted U | |
| lnTGHG | + | −*** | +*** | N | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | +* | Monotonic increase | ||
| lnTI | lnCO2 | + | −*** | Inverted U | |
| lnTGHG | − | −*** | −*** | Monotonic decline | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | −*** | −*** | Inverted U | |
| ln URB | lnCO2 | −*** | +*** | − | Inverted N |
| lnTGHG | −*** | +*** | −*** | Inverted N | |
| lnPM2.5 | −** | −*** | −*** | Monotonic decline |
| Economic indicator | Environmental indicator | Regime 1 | Regime 2 | Regime 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lnGDPC | lnCO2 | +*** | +*** | + | Monotonic increase |
| lnTGHG | +*** | +*** | + | Monotonic increase | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | −*** | Inverted U | ||
| lnCR | lnCO2 | + | −*** | Inverted U | |
| lnTGHG | + | −*** | +*** | N | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | + | Monotonic increase | ||
| lnTI | lnCO2 | + | −*** | Inverted U | |
| lnTGHG | − | −*** | −*** | Monotonic decline | |
| lnPM2.5 | + | −*** | −*** | Inverted U | |
| ln | lnCO2 | −*** | +*** | − | Inverted N |
| lnTGHG | −*** | +*** | −*** | Inverted N | |
| lnPM2.5 | − | −*** | −*** | Monotonic decline |
“*”, “**” and “***” indicates significant at 10, 5 and 1% level
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.