Table A2. Estimation results for GHG... | Emerald Publishing

Table A2.

Estimation results for GHG emission

Independent variables	Difference GMM	Fixed effects (FE)	System GMM without control variables	System GMM (individual indicators)
$L . \ln T G H G$	0.7376*** (0.0230)	–	0.7958*** (0.0538)	–
$\ln G D P C \leq γ_{1}$	0.2412*** (0.0329)	0.3411*** (0.1672)	0.4251*** (0.2231)	0.4171*** (0.1378)
$γ_{1} < \ln G D P C \leq γ_{2}$	0.1404*** (0.0329)	0.3077*** (0.1689)	0.3158* (0.1923)	0.3567*** (0.1349)
$\ln G D P C > γ_{2}$	0.1298*** (0.0338)	0.0105 (0.1680)	0.1103 (0.2137)	0.0934 (0.1042)
$\ln C R \leq γ_{1}$	0.2034 (0.1245)	0.0284 (0.1344)	0.0294 (0.1381)	0.0835 (0.1567)
$γ_{1} < \ln C R \leq γ_{2}$	−0.1512** (0.0740)	−0.1491** (0.0611)	−0.0152 (0.1200)	−0.0589* (0.0312)
$\ln C R > γ_{2}$	0.5496** (0.2229)	0.2005** (0.0594)	0.3187*** (0.1171)	0.5005*** (0.0710)
$\ln T I \leq γ_{1}$	−0.1383* (0.0953)	−0.2228* (0.1484)	−0.1477 (0.6997)	−0.1262 (0.2763)
$γ_{1} < \ln T I \leq γ_{2}$	−0.5477*** (0.0953)	−0.2329** (0.1485)	−0.1621 (0.6946)	−0.1169** (0.0677)
$\ln T I > γ_{2}$	−3.9130*** (1.1936)	−5.1909*** (2.5113)	−3.0776*** (1.6680)	−4.0994*** (1.2640)
$\ln U R B \leq γ_{1}$	−1.0187*** (0.2605)	−1.1160* (0.5919)	−1.0459** (0.6831)	−1.1447** (0.6725)
$γ_{1} < \ln U R B \leq γ_{2}$	1.3060*** (0.2596)	1.0990* (0.5812)	1.0543** (0.6276)	1.1121*** (0.5615)
$\ln U R B > γ_{2}$	−2.0318*** (1.2591)	−1.0598 (0.5708)	−2.0444 (1.6219)	−2.0748 (1.6321)
$\ln F D I$	0.0033** (0.0015)	0.0001 (0.0071)	–	–
$\ln T O$	0.1485*** (0.0252)	−0.0760 (0.0853)	–	–

Independent variables	Difference GMM	Fixed effects (FE)	System GMM without control variables	System GMM (individual indicators)
$L . \ln T G H G$	0.7376*** (0.0230)	–	0.7958*** (0.0538)	–
$\ln G D P C \leq γ_{1}$	0.2412*** (0.0329)	0.3411*** (0.1672)	0.4251*** (0.2231)	0.4171*** (0.1378)
$γ_{1} < \ln G D P C \leq γ_{2}$	0.1404*** (0.0329)	0.3077*** (0.1689)	0.3158* (0.1923)	0.3567*** (0.1349)
$\ln G D P C > γ_{2}$	0.1298*** (0.0338)	0.0105 (0.1680)	0.1103 (0.2137)	0.0934 (0.1042)
$\ln C R \leq γ_{1}$	0.2034 (0.1245)	0.0284 (0.1344)	0.0294 (0.1381)	0.0835 (0.1567)
$γ_{1} < \ln C R \leq γ_{2}$	−0.1512** (0.0740)	−0.1491** (0.0611)	−0.0152 (0.1200)	−0.0589* (0.0312)
$\ln C R > γ_{2}$	0.5496** (0.2229)	0.2005** (0.0594)	0.3187*** (0.1171)	0.5005*** (0.0710)
$\ln T I \leq γ_{1}$	−0.1383* (0.0953)	−0.2228* (0.1484)	−0.1477 (0.6997)	−0.1262 (0.2763)
$γ_{1} < \ln T I \leq γ_{2}$	−0.5477*** (0.0953)	−0.2329** (0.1485)	−0.1621 (0.6946)	−0.1169** (0.0677)
$\ln T I > γ_{2}$	−3.9130*** (1.1936)	−5.1909*** (2.5113)	−3.0776*** (1.6680)	−4.0994*** (1.2640)
$\ln U R B \leq γ_{1}$	−1.0187*** (0.2605)	−1.1160* (0.5919)	−1.0459** (0.6831)	−1.1447** (0.6725)
$γ_{1} < \ln U R B \leq γ_{2}$	1.3060*** (0.2596)	1.0990* (0.5812)	1.0543** (0.6276)	1.1121*** (0.5615)
$\ln U R B > γ_{2}$	−2.0318*** (1.2591)	−1.0598 (0.5708)	−2.0444 (1.6219)	−2.0748 (1.6321)
$\ln F D I$	0.0033** (0.0015)	0.0001 (0.0071)	–	–
$\ln T O$	0.1485*** (0.0252)	−0.0760 (0.0853)	–	–

Note(s):

“*”, “**” and “***” indicates significant at 10, 5 and 1% level

Source(s): Authors’ own work