Table 1 Structure of the integrated... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Structure of the integrated dataset

Data Source	Variables extracted	Temporal resolution	Role in the predictive model
Maintenance logs	Failure type, repair duration, maintenance cost, severity level	Event-based	Modeling historical degradation patterns
IoT sensors	Vibration amplitude, strain, displacement, temperature gradients	10-minute intervals (aggregated)	Early anomaly detection and degradation monitoring
Environmental data	Temperature cycles, humidity levels, precipitation/rainfall exposure	Daily	Modeling external climatic stress factors
Rail imagery	Crack type, corrosion level, surface wear severity	Inspection intervals	Visual defect detection and severity assessment

Data Source	Variables extracted	Temporal resolution	Role in the predictive model
Maintenance logs	Failure type, repair duration, maintenance cost, severity level	Event-based	Modeling historical degradation patterns
IoT sensors	Vibration amplitude, strain, displacement, temperature gradients	10-minute intervals (aggregated)	Early anomaly detection and degradation monitoring
Environmental data	Temperature cycles, humidity levels, precipitation/rainfall exposure	Daily	Modeling external climatic stress factors
Rail imagery	Crack type, corrosion level, surface wear severity	Inspection intervals	Visual defect detection and severity assessment

Source(s): Authors’ own work