Critical review of existing building circularity methods
| Level of applicability | Lifecycle stage | CE cycles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Material | Single | Building | Extraction/Manufacturing | Construction | Operation | End-of-life | Technical | Biological |
| 1. MCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 2. CTI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 3. Flex 4.0 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 4. MRPI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 5. R-EOL | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 6. 3DR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 7. EURECA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 8. KAD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 9. BCI-Verberne | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10. BCI-Vliet | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 11. BCIX | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 12. CI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 13. BWPE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 14. RAT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 15. D-DAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 16. PCB | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 17. BCAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 18. CBA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 19. BCI and PBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 20. BCRC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 21. BC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 22. BCES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 23. CCEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 24. MCI' | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 25. CirBIM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 26. CE index | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 27. CCS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 28. CC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 29. CCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 30. WBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 31. CBT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 32. One Click LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 33. M-CEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 34. WBCI + LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 35. TMD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 36. CARES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Level of applicability | Lifecycle stage | CE cycles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Material | Single | Building | Extraction/Manufacturing | Construction | Operation | End-of-life | Technical | Biological |
| 1. MCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 2. CTI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 3. Flex 4.0 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 4. MRPI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 5. R-EOL | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 6. 3DR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 7. EURECA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 8. KAD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 9. BCI-Verberne | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 10. BCI-Vliet | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 11. BCIX | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 12. CI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 13. BWPE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 14. RAT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 15. D-DAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 16. PCB | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 17. BCAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 18. CBA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 19. BCI and PBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 20. BCRC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 21. BC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 22. BCES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 23. CCEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 24. MCI' | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 25. CirBIM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 26. CE index | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 27. CCS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 28. CC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 29. CCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 30. WBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 31. CBT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 32. One Click LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 33. M-CEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 34. WBCI + LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 35. TMD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 36. CARES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| KPIs classification | KPIs weights | 10R strategies | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Material | Waste | Design | Energy | Water | CO2 emissions | Yes | No | Refuse | Rethink | Reduce | Reuse/ … /Repurpose | Recycle | Recover |
| 1. MCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 2. CTI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 3. Flex 4.0 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 4. MRPI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 5. R-EOL | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| 6. 3DR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| 7. EURECA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 8. KAD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 9. BCI-Verberne | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 10. BCI-Vliet | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 11. BCIX | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 12. CI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 13. BWPE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| 14. RAT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| 15. D-DAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| 16. PCB | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 17. BCAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 18. CBA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 19. BCI and PBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 20. BCRC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 21. BC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 22. BCES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 23. CCEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 24. MCI' | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 25. CirBIM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 26. CE index | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 27. CCS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 28. CC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| 29. CCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 30. WBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 31. CBT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| 32. One Click LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 33. M-CEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 34. WBCI + LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 35. TMD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 36. CARES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| KPIs classification | KPIs weights | 10R strategies | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Material | Waste | Design | Energy | Water | CO2 emissions | Yes | No | Refuse | Rethink | Reduce | Reuse/ … /Repurpose | Recycle | Recover |
| 1. MCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 2. CTI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 3. Flex 4.0 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 4. MRPI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 5. R-EOL | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| 6. 3DR | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| 7. EURECA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 8. KAD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 9. BCI-Verberne | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 10. BCI-Vliet | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 11. BCIX | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 12. CI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 13. BWPE | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| 14. RAT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
| 15. D-DAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
| 16. PCB | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 17. BCAS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 18. CBA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 19. BCI and PBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 20. BCRC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 21. BC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 22. BCES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 23. CCEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 24. MCI' | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 25. CirBIM | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| 26. CE index | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 27. CCS | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 28. CC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| 29. CCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 30. WBCI | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 31. CBT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||
| 32. One Click LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 33. M-CEF | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
| 34. WBCI + LCA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 35. TMD | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
| 36. CARES | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Note(s): [1] Ellen MacArthur and Granta (2019), [2] WBCSD (2023), [3] Geraedts (2016), [4] Bechthold and Mayer (2017), [5] Akanbi et al. (2019a), [6] O’Grady et al. (2021), [7] Van Gulck et al. (2021), [8] Ollár et al. (2022), [9] Verberne (2016), [10] Van Vliet (2018), [11] Alba Concept (2018), [12] Madaster (2018), [13] Akanbi et al. (2018), [14] Akanbi et al. (2019a), [15] Akanbi et al. (2019b), [16] PlatformCb’ (2020), [17] Zhai (2020), [18] BAMB (2020), [19] Cottafava and Ritzen (2021), [20] González et al. (2021), [21] Zhang et al. (2021a), [22] Medina and Fu (2021), [23] Dams et al. (2021), [24] Jiang et al. (2022a, b), [25] Göswein et al. (2022), [26] Lei et al. (2022), [27] Fagone et al. (2023), [28] Gillott et al. (2023), [29] Anastasiades et al. (2023), [30] Khadim et al. (2023), [31] Arup and Ellen MacArthur (2022), [32] One Click LCA (2023), [33] Amarasinghe et al. (2024), [34] Khadim et al. (2025), [35] Lau et al. (2025), [36] Vásquez-Cabrera et al. (2025)
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