Table 5

Four case scenarios-definitions and differences regarding key CE parameters

FeatureScenario 1Scenario 2Scenario 3Scenario 4
Site conditionNew/undeveloped siteNew/undeveloped siteRepurposed land (previous residential site)Previously occupied site
Structural systemIn-situ reinforced concrete framePrefabricated steel framePrefabricated glulam timber frameModular reuse of existing building
Foundation material0% recycled steel, no recycled concrete60% recycled steel, 3% recycled concrete90% recycled steel, 3% recycled concrete100% reused components (where applicable)
Wall assemblyBrick cladding, cement mortarSteel sandwich panels, steel claddingOSB, glulam, bio-based hempcreteOSB and glulam, timber cladding
Insulation materialGlass wool (not disassemblable)Mineral rock wool (disassemblable)Bio-based sprayed hempcreteSheep’s wool batts (80% recycled)
FlooringNylon carpet, ceramic tilesNylon carpet (25% recycled), ceramic tileTimber flooring, ceramic tiles (70% recycled)Cork flooring (100% reused)
Design for disassemblyNo modularity or adaptability (welded joints)Some prefabrication, bolted steel jointsModular glulam structure with repair-friendly connectorsModular components with dry mechanical connections
Reuse and recyclingMinimal recycling (steel only), no reuseRecycled content in steel and some finishesHigh recycled content, bio-based and decomposable materialsHighest reuse/recycled materials across components
Waste scenariosMost waste landfilledMost waste landfilled, steel recycledReduced waste via prefabrication and bio-based decompositionTake-back systems in place, reuse and recycling prioritized
Flexibility/ExtendibilityNoneLimited (some replaceable parts)Designed for future repairs and replacementsHighly flexible, disassemblable, and reconfigurable
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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