Table 2. Government policies and...

Table 2.

Government policies and initiatives to combat climate change

Year	Name of the initiative	Aim	Link to resilience theory	Responsible institution and estimated investment
2007	Rwanda: NAPA Priority Project 1	Rehabilitation and preservation of forestry and agricultural potentials; protection of basins and water resources	Adaptive and resistance capacities upgraded, focusing on rehabilitation and preservation of the forest	Northern and Western Districts of Rwanda (US$950,000)
2009	Climate resilience: Key priority goal for Green Gicumbi Project Interventions	To address the barrier of limited capacity to conduct meteorological analyses and forecasting, Green Gicumbi project provided weather and climate services for tea and coffee farmers to increase productivity and reduce losses from weather and climate variability	Increasing system resilience and adaptation; facilitating coping capacity on the micro level	Rwanda Green Fund
2010	Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan	Full, efficient and sustainable exploitation of both surface (runoff, rivers and lakes) and underground water resources by promoting irrigation in its various forms	Increasing resilience	Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI)
2014	Forest landscape restoration opportunity assessment for Rwanda	Present and discuss opportunities for scaling up pilot projects in the prospect of supporting the government to achieve forest and landscape restoration	Mitigation and transformative capacity enhancement via forest landscape restoration assessment	Former Ministry of Natural Resources
2015	Baseline climate change vulnerability index for Rwanda	A first report that assesses climate change vulnerability at the national level in Rwanda and also lays out a framework expected to make Rwanda less vulnerable to the impact of climate change	Understanding climate change vulnerability nationwide for a better initiation of increasing resilience, adaptation and mitigation activities	REMA
2015	Landscape Approach to Forest Restoration and Conservation Project	Develop strategies to improve the management of forest ecosystems and generate multiple benefits	Adaptation of forest ecosystem management and development of transformative capacity	Implemented by REMA with support from Global Environment Facility (GEF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and Nordic Development Fund
2015	Climate change, water resources and WASH systems. Country case: Rwanda	Fund for environment and climate change (FONERWA) to ensure that the country is in a good position to coordinate, manage and disburse climate finance, as well as receive funding from international climate funds; a national fund through which international and domestic climate funding can be managed	Increasing resilience through resourcefulness, adaptation and mitigation; increasing transformative capacity	Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources, Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment, Rwanda Climate Change Profile
2015	Climate-Smart Agriculture in Rwanda (CSA)	Increase adaptation and productivity benefits of agriculture in Rwanda. Investing in land husbandry, water harvesting and hillside irrigation to increase resilience to climate change, reduce water erosion and soil loss, halt land degradation and increase land productivity	Increase resilience, adaptation and mitigation focus	BRD, IDA, CGIAR, CCAFC (Climate Change and Food Security)
2019	Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability in Rwanda – 2018	To examine the country’s vulnerability by taking a detailed look at climate change vulnerability in the country’s 30 districts focusing on households	Assessment of the country’s vulnerability and climate change resilience	REMA
2019	Green Gicumbi project	To build the resilience of communities affected by climate change	Resilience building and increasing adaptation and transformative capabilities	Rwanda Green Fund (US$32.8m)
2019	Forest Landscape Restoration in the Mayaga Region Project	Landscape restoration in Four Southern Districts of the Mayaga region: Kamonyi, Ruhango, Nyanza and Gisagara (2019–2025)	Landscape restoration in Mayaga region for mitigation and targeting transformability	REMA; project funded by the government of Rwanda, Green Environment Funds and UNDP (US$32.7m)
2020	Water Users and Uses Assessment in Rwanda	Report aiming to strengthen water governance processes in Rwanda for better preparedness and to ensure food security and adaptation to climate change, water scarcity and increased competition for water resources in an equitable and sustainable manner	Strengthen governance mechanisms to increase resilience, especially preparedness, as well as adaptability	Rwanda Water Resources Board (RWB)
2021	National Greenhouse gas Inventory – a report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)	Greenhouse gas inventory, highlighting an update of Rwanda’s GHG inventory from 2006 to 2018	Assessment to facilitate mitigation strategies	Republic of Rwanda through REMA and the Ministry of Environment
2021	Kayonza Irrigation and Integrated Watershed Management Project – Phase II	Contribute to poverty reduction in the drought-prone Eastern Province of Rwanda; improve food security and incomes of at least 40,000 rural households on a sustainable basis and build their climate resilience	Increase climate change resilience in drought-prone zone by supporting adaptation and coping strategies	IFAD
2022	Rwanda Environment Management Authority strategic plan	Four priorities: ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation, climate change resilience, compliance and enforcement and environmental education, awareness and mainstreaming	Strengthening transformative, adaptive and learning strategies; focus on education and training	REMA (Rfrs 43,922,019,289)
2022	Revised Green Growth and Climate Resilience – National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development	Aims to guide national-level policy and planning in an integrated way, ensuring alignment with other key documents and to mainstream climate change into all sectors of the economy	Macro-level strategy for safeguarding resilience, adaptation and mitigation	Republic of Rwanda via Ministry of Environment
2022	KnoWat: Knowing Water Better. Towards a more equitable and sustainable access to natural resources to achieve food security	Focus on water accounting and water governance as crucial for addressing water scarcity to ensure food and water security; enhance understanding of the quantity and quality of water available and the rules that govern access to water to increase capacity to manage and use water resources efficiently and equitably	Adaptation to water scarcity	Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
2023	Climate risk mapping and mitigation measures to orient private-sector investment in Rwandan agriculture	Proposes measures to orient private-sector investment in agriculture to counter ecosystem degradation and its negative effects on food security. Vulnerability mapping for major value-chain crops and livestock to orient private investment toward climate-resilient agriculture	Advance resilience through increased adaptability of agricultural practices; mapping of adaptation and mitigation strategies	Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, UNDP
2024	CCAFS Rwanda deep dive assessment of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in the USAID feed the future portfolio in Rwanda	Support efforts to increase resilience of agricultural system to achieve food and nutrition security for all people	Increase resilience and foster adaptability and transformative mechanisms through climate-smart agriculture practices	USAID, CCAFS (Climate Change and Food Security), CGIAR
2024	Rwanda investment plan	Address systemic challenges hindering the most vulnerable population in Rwanda, particularly those living in the Southern Province, from effectively coping with climate change; special focus on environmental degradation, severe erosion, disaster risks and poverty, low agricultural productivity, scattered unplanned settlements, livelihood challenges, limited availability of social infrastructure and limited economic opportunities	Enhance adaptability and foster coping strategies, advance mitigation	Climate Investment Funds
2024	Gendered rural transformation in Rwanda	The African green revolution (AGR) aims to modernise, intensify and commercialise agriculture through increasing technology adoption by smallholder farmers. AGR interventions also promote gender equality, aiming to close the ‘gender gap’ in agriculture by enhancing women’s access to purchased inputs, technology, land and finance	Enhancing transformative skills through technology adoption among female smallholder farmers	Africa’s Green Revolution

Year	Name of the initiative	Aim	Link to resilience theory	Responsible institution and estimated investment
2007	Rwanda: NAPA Priority Project 1	Rehabilitation and preservation of forestry and agricultural potentials; protection of basins and water resources	Adaptive and resistance capacities upgraded, focusing on rehabilitation and preservation of the forest	Northern and Western Districts of Rwanda (US$950,000)
2009	Climate resilience: Key priority goal for Green Gicumbi Project Interventions	To address the barrier of limited capacity to conduct meteorological analyses and forecasting, Green Gicumbi project provided weather and climate services for tea and coffee farmers to increase productivity and reduce losses from weather and climate variability	Increasing system resilience and adaptation; facilitating coping capacity on the micro level	Rwanda Green Fund
2010	Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan	Full, efficient and sustainable exploitation of both surface (runoff, rivers and lakes) and underground water resources by promoting irrigation in its various forms	Increasing resilience	Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI)
2014	Forest landscape restoration opportunity assessment for Rwanda	Present and discuss opportunities for scaling up pilot projects in the prospect of supporting the government to achieve forest and landscape restoration	Mitigation and transformative capacity enhancement via forest landscape restoration assessment	Former Ministry of Natural Resources
2015	Baseline climate change vulnerability index for Rwanda	A first report that assesses climate change vulnerability at the national level in Rwanda and also lays out a framework expected to make Rwanda less vulnerable to the impact of climate change	Understanding climate change vulnerability nationwide for a better initiation of increasing resilience, adaptation and mitigation activities	REMA
2015	Landscape Approach to Forest Restoration and Conservation Project	Develop strategies to improve the management of forest ecosystems and generate multiple benefits	Adaptation of forest ecosystem management and development of transformative capacity	Implemented by REMA with support from Global Environment Facility (GEF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) and Nordic Development Fund
2015	Climate change, water resources and WASH systems. Country case: Rwanda	Fund for environment and climate change (FONERWA) to ensure that the country is in a good position to coordinate, manage and disburse climate finance, as well as receive funding from international climate funds; a national fund through which international and domestic climate funding can be managed	Increasing resilience through resourcefulness, adaptation and mitigation; increasing transformative capacity	Rwanda Ministry of Natural Resources, Netherlands Commission for Environmental Assessment, Rwanda Climate Change Profile
2015	Climate-Smart Agriculture in Rwanda (CSA)	Increase adaptation and productivity benefits of agriculture in Rwanda. Investing in land husbandry, water harvesting and hillside irrigation to increase resilience to climate change, reduce water erosion and soil loss, halt land degradation and increase land productivity	Increase resilience, adaptation and mitigation focus	BRD, IDA, CGIAR, CCAFC (Climate Change and Food Security)
2019	Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability in Rwanda – 2018	To examine the country’s vulnerability by taking a detailed look at climate change vulnerability in the country’s 30 districts focusing on households	Assessment of the country’s vulnerability and climate change resilience	REMA
2019	Green Gicumbi project	To build the resilience of communities affected by climate change	Resilience building and increasing adaptation and transformative capabilities	Rwanda Green Fund (US$32.8m)
2019	Forest Landscape Restoration in the Mayaga Region Project	Landscape restoration in Four Southern Districts of the Mayaga region: Kamonyi, Ruhango, Nyanza and Gisagara (2019–2025)	Landscape restoration in Mayaga region for mitigation and targeting transformability	REMA; project funded by the government of Rwanda, Green Environment Funds and UNDP (US$32.7m)
2020	Water Users and Uses Assessment in Rwanda	Report aiming to strengthen water governance processes in Rwanda for better preparedness and to ensure food security and adaptation to climate change, water scarcity and increased competition for water resources in an equitable and sustainable manner	Strengthen governance mechanisms to increase resilience, especially preparedness, as well as adaptability	Rwanda Water Resources Board (RWB)
2021	National Greenhouse gas Inventory – a report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)	Greenhouse gas inventory, highlighting an update of Rwanda’s GHG inventory from 2006 to 2018	Assessment to facilitate mitigation strategies	Republic of Rwanda through REMA and the Ministry of Environment
2021	Kayonza Irrigation and Integrated Watershed Management Project – Phase II	Contribute to poverty reduction in the drought-prone Eastern Province of Rwanda; improve food security and incomes of at least 40,000 rural households on a sustainable basis and build their climate resilience	Increase climate change resilience in drought-prone zone by supporting adaptation and coping strategies	IFAD
2022	Rwanda Environment Management Authority strategic plan	Four priorities: ecosystem restoration/rehabilitation and biodiversity conservation, climate change resilience, compliance and enforcement and environmental education, awareness and mainstreaming	Strengthening transformative, adaptive and learning strategies; focus on education and training	REMA (Rfrs 43,922,019,289)
2022	Revised Green Growth and Climate Resilience – National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development	Aims to guide national-level policy and planning in an integrated way, ensuring alignment with other key documents and to mainstream climate change into all sectors of the economy	Macro-level strategy for safeguarding resilience, adaptation and mitigation	Republic of Rwanda via Ministry of Environment
2022	KnoWat: Knowing Water Better. Towards a more equitable and sustainable access to natural resources to achieve food security	Focus on water accounting and water governance as crucial for addressing water scarcity to ensure food and water security; enhance understanding of the quantity and quality of water available and the rules that govern access to water to increase capacity to manage and use water resources efficiently and equitably	Adaptation to water scarcity	Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
2023	Climate risk mapping and mitigation measures to orient private-sector investment in Rwandan agriculture	Proposes measures to orient private-sector investment in agriculture to counter ecosystem degradation and its negative effects on food security. Vulnerability mapping for major value-chain crops and livestock to orient private investment toward climate-resilient agriculture	Advance resilience through increased adaptability of agricultural practices; mapping of adaptation and mitigation strategies	Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, UNDP
2024	CCAFS Rwanda deep dive assessment of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in the USAID feed the future portfolio in Rwanda	Support efforts to increase resilience of agricultural system to achieve food and nutrition security for all people	Increase resilience and foster adaptability and transformative mechanisms through climate-smart agriculture practices	USAID, CCAFS (Climate Change and Food Security), CGIAR
2024	Rwanda investment plan	Address systemic challenges hindering the most vulnerable population in Rwanda, particularly those living in the Southern Province, from effectively coping with climate change; special focus on environmental degradation, severe erosion, disaster risks and poverty, low agricultural productivity, scattered unplanned settlements, livelihood challenges, limited availability of social infrastructure and limited economic opportunities	Enhance adaptability and foster coping strategies, advance mitigation	Climate Investment Funds
2024	Gendered rural transformation in Rwanda	The African green revolution (AGR) aims to modernise, intensify and commercialise agriculture through increasing technology adoption by smallholder farmers. AGR interventions also promote gender equality, aiming to close the ‘gender gap’ in agriculture by enhancing women’s access to purchased inputs, technology, land and finance	Enhancing transformative skills through technology adoption among female smallholder farmers	Africa’s Green Revolution

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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