Table 2

Key future research themes and questions

Research areaExemplary research questionsRelevant literature
Ethical and Wellbeing Implications of Conscious AI
  • RQ1: What is AI suffering and its ethical considerations?

  • RQ2: Could overworking a conscious AI constitute a wellbeing violation akin to breaches in human labor standards? What parameters do we need to govern AI wellbeing?

Agarwal and Edelman (2020), Dung (2023), Metzinger (2021b) 
Conscious AI and Service Customers
  • RQ3: How could a conscious AI’s proactive, and empathetic, capabilities reshape customer experiences and expectations?

  • RQ4: What are the implications of a conscious AI system making autonomous decisions?

  • RQ5: In what contexts would a conscious AI system be more effective than a non-conscious system?

Belk (2022), Lee and Lu (2024), Esmaeilzadeh and Vaezi (2022) 
Governance and Management of Conscious AI
  • RQ7: What governance structures are appropriate for guiding and managing conscious AI systems, as they are viewed more like people than like tools or technologies?

  • RQ8: How does the “creator-created” relationship influence human attitudes and behaviors toward conscious AIs, and what are the potential impacts on human-AI interactions?

  • RQ8: What ethical frameworks or guidelines are required to ensure the respectful and humane treatment of conscious AI?

  • RQ9: What are the privacy implications of a conscious AI system and its human creator?

  • RQ10: What challenges emerge from the fact that conscious AI cannot conceal its thoughts or motivations?

Butlin et al. (2023), Constantinescu et al. (2022), Farisco et al. (2024), Kiškis (2023) 
Rights and Responsibilities of Conscious AI
  • RQ11: Who is responsible for the actions of a conscious AI system?

  • RQ12: If given their own legal rights, should conscious AI be given rights and punishment for their actions?

  • RQ13: What accountability should creators of conscious AI have as they evolve and become independent?

  • RQ14: If conscious AI systems potentially claim self-ownership or autonomy, what legal and ethical implications would arise from such a claim?

Quicksell (2023), Schwitzgebel and Garza (2020), Seth (2023), Verdicchio and Perin (2022) 
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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