Table 4

Integrated mechanism linking digital technologies, vehicle routing optimization and continuous improvement for environmentally sustainable transportation

System elementPrimary roleKey functionsInteraction with other elementsContribution to environmental sustainability
Digital technologies (IoT, AI, ML, big data, cloud computing)Enabling mechanismData collection, real-time visibility, predictive analytics, automationProvide inputs and decision support for routing optimization; generate performance data for CIEnables informed routing decisions and continuous monitoring of environmental performance
Vehicle routing optimization (VRP, GVRP, EVRP)Operational execution mechanismRoute planning, scheduling, fleet assignment, constraint handlingTranslates digital insights into optimized routes; produces measurable environmental outcomesReduces distance traveled, fuel and energy use, idle time and emissions
Continuous improvement (Lean Six Sigma)Sustaining mechanismStandardization, waste elimination, performance monitoring, iterative improvementUses KPI data from routing and digital systems to stabilize and refine processesEnsures long-term maintenance of environmental and operational gains
Environmental KPIsMeasurement and control mechanismPerformance tracking, benchmarking, feedbackConnect digital data, routing outcomes and CI actionsMakes environmental sustainability measurable and manageable
Integrated framework outcomeSystem-level resultCoordinated decision-making and learningAligns technology, operations and management practicesSustained reduction of GHG emissions and resource waste
Source(s): Authors’ own work

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