Table 6 Synthesis of quantitative... | Emerald Publishing

Table 6

Synthesis of quantitative findings and qualitative explanations by cultural model

Quantitative finding	Qualitative explanation (Italian model: Cautious-facilitation)	Qualitative explanation (Pakistani model: Pragmatic-integration)
Similar RLEP scores (p = 0.187)	Structured co-creation and formal processes (e.g. “listening to proposals based on the planned project”)	Practical empowerment and trust-based relationships (e.g. “we can trust each other,” “forming dedicated groups”)
Higher LDEP in Pakistan (p = 0.056, d = 0.47)	Digital as a facilitator for coordination (e.g. “sharing the sustainability plan via an internal digital space”)	Digital as a motivational and strategic engine (e.g. “highly practical, offering real-time tracking,” “share goals, celebrate success”)
RLEP significantly predicts ESG-R only in Italy (β = 0.375, p < 0.001)	Direct, structured leadership-to-reporting pathway enabled by formal processes	Leadership's influence is indirect, channeled primarily through enabling digital adoption

Quantitative finding	Qualitative explanation (Italian model: Cautious-facilitation)	Qualitative explanation (Pakistani model: Pragmatic-integration)
Similar RLEP scores (p = 0.187)	Structured co-creation and formal processes (e.g. “listening to proposals based on the planned project”)	Practical empowerment and trust-based relationships (e.g. “we can trust each other,” “forming dedicated groups”)
Higher LDEP in Pakistan (p = 0.056, d = 0.47)	Digital as a facilitator for coordination (e.g. “sharing the sustainability plan via an internal digital space”)	Digital as a motivational and strategic engine (e.g. “highly practical, offering real-time tracking,” “share goals, celebrate success”)
RLEP significantly predicts ESG-R only in Italy (β = 0.375, p < 0.001)	Direct, structured leadership-to-reporting pathway enabled by formal processes	Leadership's influence is indirect, channeled primarily through enabling digital adoption