Table A2 Main variables Variable... | Emerald Publishing

Table A2

Main variables

Variable	Indicator	Measurement
Economic performance: Care home capacity to generate financial returns and maintain operational viability	ROA	Ratio of profit before interest and taxes to total assets
	Net income margin	Percentage of sales converted into net income
Social performance: Care Home contribution to meet stakeholder expectations in the provision of socially valuable outcomes	Care home Death rate	Number of deaths per bed during the first wave of COVID-19
Ownership structure: Represents whether a care home is part of a multi-layered corporate structure with multiple legal entities or cross-border presence	Dummy variable: 1 for complex ownership structures, 0 otherwise
Funding structure: Reflects the level of public financial support received by a care home	Proportion of subsidized beds	Subsidized beds to total number of beds
COVID-19 effect: Distinguish between the pre-pandemic period and the years affected by the COVID19-pandemic	Dummy variable: 1 for years 2020 and 2021, 0 for the other years
Financial leverage: Proportion of debt a company holds in relation to its net equity		Debt to Net equity
Solvency level: Represents the extent to which total assets would cover the total debt of the company		Total Assets to Total Debt
Penalties: Reflect the average number of sanctions imposed on care homes by region	Average number of sanctions per care home	Total penalties to Total care homes of the region
Location: Indicate the geographical placement of the care home	Dummy variable: 1 for urban areas, 0 for rural areas

Variable	Indicator	Measurement
Economic performance: Care home capacity to generate financial returns and maintain operational viability	ROA	Ratio of profit before interest and taxes to total assets
	Net income margin	Percentage of sales converted into net income
Social performance: Care Home contribution to meet stakeholder expectations in the provision of socially valuable outcomes	Care home Death rate	Number of deaths per bed during the first wave of COVID-19
Ownership structure: Represents whether a care home is part of a multi-layered corporate structure with multiple legal entities or cross-border presence	Dummy variable: 1 for complex ownership structures, 0 otherwise
Funding structure: Reflects the level of public financial support received by a care home	Proportion of subsidized beds	Subsidized beds to total number of beds
COVID-19 effect: Distinguish between the pre-pandemic period and the years affected by the COVID19-pandemic	Dummy variable: 1 for years 2020 and 2021, 0 for the other years
Financial leverage: Proportion of debt a company holds in relation to its net equity		Debt to Net equity
Solvency level: Represents the extent to which total assets would cover the total debt of the company		Total Assets to Total Debt
Penalties: Reflect the average number of sanctions imposed on care homes by region	Average number of sanctions per care home	Total penalties to Total care homes of the region
Location: Indicate the geographical placement of the care home	Dummy variable: 1 for urban areas, 0 for rural areas

Source(s): Own elaboration