Table 1 Categorization of teachers'... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Categorization of teachers' response patterns to student behavior

Approach	Core characteristics	Illustrative description	Example statements
Avoidant approach	Emotional Withdrawal and minimal engagement	Teachers focus narrowly on instruction, avoiding emotional involvement or extended dialogue with disruptive students	“I just stick to the lesson and ignore them unless it gets really bad.”
Referral Approach	Reliance on external professionals for behaviours management	Teachers recognize problems but rely on institutional support to handle them, preferring formal intervention channels	“When a student acts out, I contact the counsellor right away.”
Punitive approach	Emphasis on discipline and rule enforcement	Teachers manage misbehaviour through consequences, corrective measures, or strict rule enforcement, sometimes using unconventional methods to assert authority	“Sometimes you have to be strict so they know you're serious.”
Supportive approach	Empathy and adaptive response to students' needs	Teachers engage students in dialogue, try to understand underlying causes, and adjust their approach to promote positive behaviour	“Maybe they act out because they're struggling, I want to help them feel supported.”

Approach	Core characteristics	Illustrative description	Example statements
Avoidant approach	Emotional Withdrawal and minimal engagement	Teachers focus narrowly on instruction, avoiding emotional involvement or extended dialogue with disruptive students	“I just stick to the lesson and ignore them unless it gets really bad.”
Referral Approach	Reliance on external professionals for behaviours management	Teachers recognize problems but rely on institutional support to handle them, preferring formal intervention channels	“When a student acts out, I contact the counsellor right away.”
Punitive approach	Emphasis on discipline and rule enforcement	Teachers manage misbehaviour through consequences, corrective measures, or strict rule enforcement, sometimes using unconventional methods to assert authority	“Sometimes you have to be strict so they know you're serious.”
Supportive approach	Empathy and adaptive response to students' needs	Teachers engage students in dialogue, try to understand underlying causes, and adjust their approach to promote positive behaviour	“Maybe they act out because they're struggling, I want to help them feel supported.”

Source(s): Author’s own work