Propensity score matched sample
| Panel A: Regression analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| Discretionary Bonus | Discretionary Bonus Weight | |
| Intercept | −0.056 | 0.453 |
| (0.913) | (0.105) | |
| Big4it | −0.589*** | −0.101*** |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| Earning Predict CFit | −0.642** | −0.077* |
| (0.048) | (0.080) | |
| Abnormal Accrualsit | 2.106** | 0.253* |
| (0.040) | (0.061) | |
| ROA Volatilityit | 3.785 | 0.309 |
| (0.231) | (0.467) | |
| Return Volatilityit | 0.479 | 0.12 |
| (0.67) | (0.429) | |
| CEO Tenureit | −0.010* | −0.002*** |
| (0.092) | (0.010) | |
| CEO Dualityit | 0.056 | 0.011 |
| (0.622) | (0.461) | |
| R&D to Salesit | −0.067 | 0.02 |
| (0.777) | (0.525) | |
| B/M Ratioit | −0.031 | −0.011 |
| (0.688) | (0.291) | |
| Lossit | 0.144 | 0.029 |
| (0.433) | (0.243) | |
| Sizeit | 0.066 | 0.031*** |
| (0.104) | (<0.001) | |
| Leverageit | −0.13 | 0.058 |
| (0.672) | (0.159) | |
| Annual Returnit | −0.079 | 0.000 |
| (0.237) | (0.972) | |
| ROAit | 0.313 | 0.149 |
| (0.616) | (0.076) | |
| Year indicators | Yes | Yes |
| Industry indicators | Yes | Yes |
| Number of observations | 1,628 | 1,628 |
| R2 or Pseudo R2 | 0.020 | 0.085 |
| Panel A: Regression analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| −0.056 | 0.453 | |
| (0.913) | (0.105) | |
| −0.589*** | −0.101*** | |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| −0.642** | −0.077* | |
| (0.048) | (0.080) | |
| 2.106** | 0.253* | |
| (0.040) | (0.061) | |
| 3.785 | 0.309 | |
| (0.231) | (0.467) | |
| 0.479 | 0.12 | |
| (0.67) | (0.429) | |
| −0.010* | −0.002*** | |
| (0.092) | (0.010) | |
| 0.056 | 0.011 | |
| (0.622) | (0.461) | |
| −0.067 | 0.02 | |
| (0.777) | (0.525) | |
| −0.031 | −0.011 | |
| (0.688) | (0.291) | |
| 0.144 | 0.029 | |
| (0.433) | (0.243) | |
| 0.066 | 0.031*** | |
| (0.104) | (<0.001) | |
| −0.13 | 0.058 | |
| (0.672) | (0.159) | |
| −0.079 | 0.000 | |
| (0.237) | (0.972) | |
| 0.313 | 0.149 | |
| (0.616) | (0.076) | |
| Year indicators | Yes | Yes |
| Industry indicators | Yes | Yes |
| Number of observations | 1,628 | 1,628 |
| 0.020 | 0.085 | |
| Panel B: Comparison of observations in propensity score matched sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discretionary bonus | Formula bonus | |||||
| N | Mean (M1) | N | Mean (M2) | M1-M2 | p-value | |
| ROA Volatility | 814 | 0.025 | 814 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.161 |
| Return Volatility | 814 | 0.105 | 814 | 0.104 | 0.001 | 0.646 |
| CEO Tenure | 814 | 10.279 | 814 | 10.861 | −0.581 | 0.206 |
| CEO Duality | 814 | 0.458 | 814 | 0.449 | 0.009 | 0.728 |
| R&D to Sales | 814 | 0.074 | 814 | 0.079 | −0.005 | 0.704 |
| B/M Ratio | 814 | 0.503 | 814 | 0.518 | −0.015 | 0.671 |
| Loss | 814 | 0.186 | 814 | 0.182 | 0.004 | 0.848 |
| Size | 814 | 7.410 | 814 | 7.346 | 0.064 | 0.444 |
| Leverage | 814 | 0.178 | 814 | 0.179 | −0.001 | 0.898 |
| Annual Return | 814 | 0.208 | 814 | 0.228 | −0.020 | 0.664 |
| ROA | 814 | 0.051 | 814 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.450 |
| Panel B: Comparison of observations in propensity score matched sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (M1) | Mean (M2) | M1-M2 | ||||
| 814 | 0.025 | 814 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.161 | |
| 814 | 0.105 | 814 | 0.104 | 0.001 | 0.646 | |
| 814 | 10.279 | 814 | 10.861 | −0.581 | 0.206 | |
| 814 | 0.458 | 814 | 0.449 | 0.009 | 0.728 | |
| 814 | 0.074 | 814 | 0.079 | −0.005 | 0.704 | |
| 814 | 0.503 | 814 | 0.518 | −0.015 | 0.671 | |
| 814 | 0.186 | 814 | 0.182 | 0.004 | 0.848 | |
| 814 | 7.410 | 814 | 7.346 | 0.064 | 0.444 | |
| 814 | 0.178 | 814 | 0.179 | −0.001 | 0.898 | |
| 814 | 0.208 | 814 | 0.228 | −0.020 | 0.664 | |
| 814 | 0.051 | 814 | 0.047 | 0.005 | 0.450 | |
Note(s): Presented in Table 7 Panel A are the findings for the regression analysis of the propensity score matched sample. Firm-year observations of CEOs who only receive discretionary bonuses in a year are matched with firm-year observations of CEOs who only receive formula bonuses in a year based on ROA Volatility, Return Volatility, CEO Tenure, CEO Duality, R&D to Sales, B/M Ratio, Loss, Size, Leverage, Annual Return, ROA, Year, and Industry. Shown in Column 1 are the results of logit regression; depicted in Column 2 are results of OLS regressions. *, **, and *** indicate that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant at 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01 level, respectively. P-values in brackets are from Wald tests of the logit regression and two-tailed t-tests of OLS regressions. The regressions control for year and 2-digit SIC code industry effects. All variables are defined in Appendix. Presented in Panel B is the comparison of observations in the propensity score matched sample. Reported in Column M1-M2 is the mean difference between Discretionary Bonus observations and Formula Bonus observations. The p-value is based on a two-tailed t-test
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