Table 7

Propensity score matched sample

Panel A: Regression analysis
Discretionary BonusDiscretionary Bonus Weight
Intercept−0.0560.453
(0.913)(0.105)
Big4it−0.589***−0.101***
(<0.001)(<0.001)
Earning Predict CFit−0.642**−0.077*
(0.048)(0.080)
Abnormal Accrualsit2.106**0.253*
(0.040)(0.061)
ROA Volatilityit3.7850.309
(0.231)(0.467)
Return Volatilityit0.4790.12
(0.67)(0.429)
CEO Tenureit−0.010*−0.002***
(0.092)(0.010)
CEO Dualityit0.0560.011
(0.622)(0.461)
R&D to Salesit−0.0670.02
(0.777)(0.525)
B/M Ratioit−0.031−0.011
(0.688)(0.291)
Lossit0.1440.029
(0.433)(0.243)
Sizeit0.0660.031***
(0.104)(<0.001)
Leverageit−0.130.058
(0.672)(0.159)
Annual Returnit−0.0790.000
(0.237)(0.972)
ROAit0.3130.149
(0.616)(0.076)
Year indicatorsYesYes
Industry indicatorsYesYes
Number of observations1,6281,628
R2 or Pseudo R20.0200.085
Panel B: Comparison of observations in propensity score matched sample
Discretionary bonusFormula bonus
NMean (M1)NMean (M2)M1-M2p-value
ROA Volatility8140.0258140.0240.0010.161
Return Volatility8140.1058140.1040.0010.646
CEO Tenure81410.27981410.861−0.5810.206
CEO Duality8140.4588140.4490.0090.728
R&D to Sales8140.0748140.079−0.0050.704
B/M Ratio8140.5038140.518−0.0150.671
Loss8140.1868140.1820.0040.848
Size8147.4108147.3460.0640.444
Leverage8140.1788140.179−0.0010.898
Annual Return8140.2088140.228−0.0200.664
ROA8140.0518140.0470.0050.450

Note(s): Presented in Table 7 Panel A are the findings for the regression analysis of the propensity score matched sample. Firm-year observations of CEOs who only receive discretionary bonuses in a year are matched with firm-year observations of CEOs who only receive formula bonuses in a year based on ROA Volatility, Return Volatility, CEO Tenure, CEO Duality, R&D to Sales, B/M Ratio, Loss, Size, Leverage, Annual Return, ROA, Year, and Industry. Shown in Column 1 are the results of logit regression; depicted in Column 2 are results of OLS regressions. *, **, and *** indicate that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant at 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01 level, respectively. P-values in brackets are from Wald tests of the logit regression and two-tailed t-tests of OLS regressions. The regressions control for year and 2-digit SIC code industry effects. All variables are defined in Appendix. Presented in Panel B is the comparison of observations in the propensity score matched sample. Reported in Column M1-M2 is the mean difference between Discretionary Bonus observations and Formula Bonus observations. The p-value is based on a two-tailed t-test

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