Partition data based on M/B ratio
| Discretionary Bonus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low M/B ratio (1) | High M/B ratio (2) | Low M/B ratio (3) | High M/B ratio (4) | |
| Intercept | −2.361*** | −3.305*** | −1.836*** | −2.772*** |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| Accounting Quality1it | −0.207*** | −0.336*** | ||
| (0.003) | (<0.001) | |||
| Accounting Quality2it | −0.929*** | −0.861*** | ||
| (0.001) | (0.003) | |||
| ROA Volatilityit | −2.519 | −2.131 | −2.533 | −2.115 |
| (0.285) | (0.318) | (0.282) | (0.321) | |
| Return Volatilityit | 3.067*** | 3.428*** | 3.064*** | 3.590*** |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| CEO Tenureit | 0.034*** | 0.039*** | 0.034*** | 0.040*** |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| CEO Dualityit | −0.166* | −0.098 | −0.172* | −0.094 |
| (0.061) | (0.276) | (0.052) | (0.293) | |
| R&D to Salesit | 0.041 | 0.41 | 0.041 | 0.416 |
| (0.122) | (0.012) | (0.125) | (0.011) | |
| B/M Ratioit | 0.049 | 0.823* | 0.049 | 0.759* |
| (0.198) | (0.054) | (0.200) | (0.075) | |
| Lossit | −0.308** | 0.086 | −0.313** | 0.093 |
| (0.018) | (0.654) | (0.016) | (0.629) | |
| Sizeit | −0.092*** | 0.049 | −0.096*** | 0.036 |
| (0.007) | (0.142) | (0.005) | (0.280) | |
| Leverageit | −0.509** | −0.616** | −0.54** | −0.661** |
| (0.025) | (0.034) | (0.018) | (0.023) | |
| Annual Returnit | 0.269*** | 0.158** | 0.273*** | 0.166** |
| (0.001) | (0.019) | (0.001) | (0.015) | |
| ROAit | 0.648 | 2.026*** | 0.628 | 2.090*** |
| (0.201) | (<0.001) | (0.216) | (<0.001) | |
| Year indicators | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Industry fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Number of observations | 4,754 | 4,754 | 4,754 | 4,754 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.093 | 0.079 | 0.094 | 0.077 |
| Low M/B ratio (1) | High M/B ratio (2) | Low M/B ratio (3) | High M/B ratio (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| −2.361*** | −3.305*** | −1.836*** | −2.772*** | |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| −0.207*** | −0.336*** | |||
| (0.003) | (<0.001) | |||
| −0.929*** | −0.861*** | |||
| (0.001) | (0.003) | |||
| −2.519 | −2.131 | −2.533 | −2.115 | |
| (0.285) | (0.318) | (0.282) | (0.321) | |
| 3.067*** | 3.428*** | 3.064*** | 3.590*** | |
| (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |
| 0.034*** | 0.039*** | 0.034*** | 0.040*** | |
| (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | (<0.001) | |
| −0.166* | −0.098 | −0.172* | −0.094 | |
| (0.061) | (0.276) | (0.052) | (0.293) | |
| 0.041 | 0.41 | 0.041 | 0.416 | |
| (0.122) | (0.012) | (0.125) | (0.011) | |
| 0.049 | 0.823* | 0.049 | 0.759* | |
| (0.198) | (0.054) | (0.200) | (0.075) | |
| −0.308** | 0.086 | −0.313** | 0.093 | |
| (0.018) | (0.654) | (0.016) | (0.629) | |
| −0.092*** | 0.049 | −0.096*** | 0.036 | |
| (0.007) | (0.142) | (0.005) | (0.280) | |
| −0.509** | −0.616** | −0.54** | −0.661** | |
| (0.025) | (0.034) | (0.018) | (0.023) | |
| 0.269*** | 0.158** | 0.273*** | 0.166** | |
| (0.001) | (0.019) | (0.001) | (0.015) | |
| 0.648 | 2.026*** | 0.628 | 2.090*** | |
| (0.201) | (<0.001) | (0.216) | (<0.001) | |
| Year indicators | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Industry fixed effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Number of observations | 4,754 | 4,754 | 4,754 | 4,754 |
| Pseudo | 0.093 | 0.079 | 0.094 | 0.077 |
Note(s): This table presents the logit regression results of the sample data partitioned into two subsamples depending on whether market to book ratio is above or below the sample median. Columns 1 and 3 present regression results of the observations with the market to book ratio below the sample median. Columns 2 and 4 present regression results of the observations with the market to book ratio above the sample median
In Columns 1 and 2, the independent variable Accounting Quality1 is a composite measure, which is the average of standardized Big4, standardized Earning Predict CF, and the opposite of standardized Abnormal Accruals. In Columns 3 and 4, Accounting Quality2 is also a composite measure, which is the average of the three ranks scaled by the number of observations: the rank in Big4, the rank in Earning Predict CF, and the rank in Abnormal Accruals (in decreasing order). All other variables are defined in Appendix. *, **, and *** indicate that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant at the 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01% level, respectively. P-values in brackets are from two-tailed t-tests
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