Table 11

Partition data based on M/B ratio

Discretionary Bonus
Low M/B ratio (1)High M/B ratio (2)Low M/B ratio (3)High M/B ratio (4)
Intercept−2.361***−3.305***−1.836***−2.772***
(<0.001)(<0.001)(<0.001)(<0.001)
Accounting Quality1it−0.207***−0.336***  
(0.003)(<0.001)  
Accounting Quality2it  −0.929***−0.861***
  (0.001)(0.003)
ROA Volatilityit−2.519−2.131−2.533−2.115
(0.285)(0.318)(0.282)(0.321)
Return Volatilityit3.067***3.428***3.064***3.590***
(0.001)(0.002)(0.001)(0.001)
CEO Tenureit0.034***0.039***0.034***0.040***
(<0.001)(<0.001)(<0.001)(<0.001)
CEO Dualityit−0.166*−0.098−0.172*−0.094
(0.061)(0.276)(0.052)(0.293)
R&D to Salesit0.0410.410.0410.416
(0.122)(0.012)(0.125)(0.011)
B/M Ratioit0.0490.823*0.0490.759*
(0.198)(0.054)(0.200)(0.075)
Lossit−0.308**0.086−0.313**0.093
(0.018)(0.654)(0.016)(0.629)
Sizeit−0.092***0.049−0.096***0.036
(0.007)(0.142)(0.005)(0.280)
Leverageit−0.509**−0.616**−0.54**−0.661**
(0.025)(0.034)(0.018)(0.023)
Annual Returnit0.269***0.158**0.273***0.166**
(0.001)(0.019)(0.001)(0.015)
ROAit0.6482.026***0.6282.090***
(0.201)(<0.001)(0.216)(<0.001)
Year indicatorsYesYesYesYes
Industry fixed effectYesYesYesYes
Number of observations4,7544,7544,7544,754
Pseudo R20.0930.0790.0940.077

Note(s): This table presents the logit regression results of the sample data partitioned into two subsamples depending on whether market to book ratio is above or below the sample median. Columns 1 and 3 present regression results of the observations with the market to book ratio below the sample median. Columns 2 and 4 present regression results of the observations with the market to book ratio above the sample median

In Columns 1 and 2, the independent variable Accounting Quality1 is a composite measure, which is the average of standardized Big4, standardized Earning Predict CF, and the opposite of standardized Abnormal Accruals. In Columns 3 and 4, Accounting Quality2 is also a composite measure, which is the average of the three ranks scaled by the number of observations: the rank in Big4, the rank in Earning Predict CF, and the rank in Abnormal Accruals (in decreasing order). All other variables are defined in Appendix. *, **, and *** indicate that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant at the 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01% level, respectively. P-values in brackets are from two-tailed t-tests

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