Table 3 Testable implications and...

Table 3

Testable implications and empirical proxies

Testable implication	Heterogeneity by modes	Variable(s)
Complementarity vs substitutability	Observed and unobserved factors drive both modes of consumption	correlation coefficient rho
Economic constraints	Economic constraints reduce cultural consumption, though online modes are generally more affordable than onsite ones	university, credit
Cultural capital	Consistent with Bourdieu (1986), higher cultural capital (education and expertise) increases participation in both modes	university, expertise, no_book, Internet
Time constraints	Care duties can subtract time from cultural activities	care_adult, care_children
Health constraints	Poor health significantly reduces physical participation but does not constrain online consumption	health
Accessibility	Limited accessibility constrains both online and onsite cultural consumption	no_adsl, small_city

Testable implication	Heterogeneity by modes	Variable(s)
Complementarity vs substitutability	Observed and unobserved factors drive both modes of consumption	correlation coefficient rho
Economic constraints	Economic constraints reduce cultural consumption, though online modes are generally more affordable than onsite ones	university, credit
Cultural capital	Consistent with Bourdieu (1986), higher cultural capital (education and expertise) increases participation in both modes	university, expertise, no_book, Internet
Time constraints	Care duties can subtract time from cultural activities	care_adult, care_children
Health constraints	Poor health significantly reduces physical participation but does not constrain online consumption	health
Accessibility	Limited accessibility constrains both online and onsite cultural consumption	no_adsl, small_city

Note(s): The table links the theoretical mechanisms to the variables and parameters used in the econometric specification for onsite and online cultural participation

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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