Table 9

Research gap

ThemeNumber of studiesIdentified gaps
Optimising OEE and Performance Metrics30The absence of OEE calculations affects the comparison of performance and strategic plans
Lean Manufacturing and Process Optimisation Strategies26There is limited knowledge about how to deploy lean in complex, dynamic factory settings
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Manufacturing10Minimal studies that link AI to predictive maintenance in lean contexts
Industry 4.0 Production Systems7Cyber-physical systems and real-time monitoring face significant challenges, e.g. scalability and adaptability
Smart Manufacturing Systems4Digital twins remain underused. Integration of predictive maintenance and data-driven decision-making is still in development
Emerging Topics in Operational Excellence4Lack of research in sustainability for improvement
Source(s): Authors' own work

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