Table 1

Definitions of categories and sub-categories for marketing themes

CategoryDefinitionSub-categoriesDefinition
Product EndorsementPosts that express support or positive appeal for a specific food or beverage productUser Generated ContentPosts that feature content created by customers or fans, typically showcasing their experience with the product
Self-endorsementPosts where the brand directly promotes its own product in a positive light, without external validation or partnerships
Limited OfferPosts highlighting a product that is available for a short time only, creating urgency and exclusivity
Seasonal MarketingPosts that endorse a product tied to a specific season, holiday, or event to make it more relevant to current customer interests
CollaborationA post that involves a partnership between two or more brands, influencers, or creators to promote a product or campaignBrandPosts featuring a partnership between two or more brands working together to promote a product, campaign, or event
CelebrityPosts that involve a well-known influencer, public figure or entertainer partnering with a brand to promote a product or campaign
AthletePosts showcasing partnerships between sports personalities and brands, often used to target fans and sports audiences
Brand StorytellingA post that uses narratives and emotional connections to communicate brand values and engage customersCharacter MarketingPosts that use mascots, fictional characters, or brand personas to tell stories and engage the audience
ReputationPosts that highlight the brand's history, values, achievements, or ethical practices to build trust and loyalty
Sporting EventPosts that connect the brand with sports events, teams, or athletes to evoke excitement, pride, or shared experiences
Promotional PricingA post that uses temporary discounts or special offers as a strategy to drive sales and customer acquisitionValue MarketingPosts that promote the perception of getting more for less, such as deals on larger quantities or bundled offers
BOGOPosts featuring offers where customers get a free or discounted item when they purchase another item
Charm PricingPosts that use pricing ending in 0.99 or 0.95 to create the perception of a better deal or affordability
In-App OnlyPosts promoting special discounts or offers that are exclusively available through a brand's mobile app
Corporate Social ResponsibilityA post in which a business communicates its contribution to society through ethical, environmental, or social initiatives  
Competitor Call OutA post in which a brand references or critiques its competitors, either explicitly or through implication, to draw comparison or gain attentionBrandPosts where a brand directly or indirectly references or critiques another competing brand to highlight its own advantages or to engage audiences through rivalry
Engagement BaitA post that explicitly prompts users to engage by liking, sharing, commenting, or tagging othersComment BaitPosts that invite users to comment, often by asking questions or prompting “tags”
Share BaitPosts that prompt users to share the content with their friends or networks
Like BaitPosts that explicitly ask or encourage users to like the post to increase engagement
Affective BrandingA post that uses emotional appeal to build a connection between the brand and its audienceHumourPosts that use jokes, memes, or playful content to entertain and create a positive emotional connection with the audience
Trending Social TopicsPosts that tap into current events, popular culture, or viral trends to engage audiences by staying relevant and timely
ExperiencePosts that evoke sensory or relatable experiences associated with using the product, helping the audience imagine or recall those moments
Emotional AppealPosts that aim to evoke deeper feelings such as nostalgia, joy, empathy, or inspiration to strengthen the bond with the audience

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