Measurement items, sources, and reliability of study 1 and 2 instruments
| Variables | Measurement items | Source (adapted from) | Cronbach alpha | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |||
| Perceived usefulness of VTO (PU) “1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree | VTO improves my online shopping productivity | Kim and Forsythe (2008b) | α = 0.94 | α = 0.92 |
| VTO enhances my effectiveness when shopping online | ||||
| VTO is helpful in buying what I want online | ||||
| VTO improves my online shopping ability | ||||
| Perceived ease of use of VTO (PEOU) “1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree | Using VTO is clear and understandable | Kim and Forsythe (2008b) | α = 0.91 | α = 0.92 |
| Using VTO does not require a lot of mental effort | ||||
| VTO is easy to use | ||||
| Perceived enjoyment of VTO (PE) “1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree | Shopping with VTO is fun for its own sake | Kim and Forsythe (2008b) | α = 0.95 | α = 0.94 |
| Shopping with VTO is exciting | ||||
| Shopping with VTO is enjoyable | ||||
| Shopping with VTO is interesting | ||||
| Attitude towards the VTO (ATT) “1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree | VTO would be of good experience | Chidambaram et al. (2024) | α = 0.87 | α = 0.86 |
| VTO would be of superior feel | ||||
| VTO would be of pleasant shopping environment | ||||
| VTO would be interesting and worthwhile | ||||
| Willingness to buy (WTB) “1” = very low; “7” = very high | The likelihood of purchasing this product is | Dodds et al. (1991) | α = 0.92 | α = 0.93 |
| The probability that I would consider buying the product is | ||||
| My willingness to buy the product is | ||||
| Overall Experiential Technology Acceptance Model (overall e-TAM) | Perceived usefulness of VTO (PU) | Van der Heijden (2000, 2004) | α = 0.81 | α = 0.80 |
| Perceived ease of use of VTO (PEOU) | ||||
| Perceived enjoyment of VTO (PE) | ||||
| Personal Innovativeness (INN) “1” = strongly disagree; “7” = strongly agree | When I hear about a new technology, I look for ways to experiment with it | Kim and Forsythe (2008a) | α = 0.88 | α = 0.86 |
| Among my peers, I am usually the first to try new technologies | ||||
| I like to experiment with new technologies | ||||
| Variables | Measurement items | Source | Cronbach alpha | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |||
| VTO improves my online shopping productivity | α = 0.94 | α = 0.92 | ||
| VTO enhances my effectiveness when shopping online | ||||
| VTO is helpful in buying what I want online | ||||
| VTO improves my online shopping ability | ||||
| Using VTO is clear and understandable | α = 0.91 | α = 0.92 | ||
| Using VTO does not require a lot of mental effort | ||||
| VTO is easy to use | ||||
| Shopping with VTO is fun for its own sake | α = 0.95 | α = 0.94 | ||
| Shopping with VTO is exciting | ||||
| Shopping with VTO is enjoyable | ||||
| Shopping with VTO is interesting | ||||
| VTO would be of good experience | α = 0.87 | α = 0.86 | ||
| VTO would be of superior feel | ||||
| VTO would be of pleasant shopping environment | ||||
| VTO would be interesting and worthwhile | ||||
| The likelihood of purchasing this product is | α = 0.92 | α = 0.93 | ||
| The probability that I would consider buying the product is | ||||
| My willingness to buy the product is | ||||
| Perceived usefulness of VTO (PU) | α = 0.81 | α = 0.80 | ||
| Perceived ease of use of VTO (PEOU) | ||||
| Perceived enjoyment of VTO (PE) | ||||
| When I hear about a new technology, I look for ways to experiment with it | α = 0.88 | α = 0.86 | ||
| Among my peers, I am usually the first to try new technologies | ||||
| I like to experiment with new technologies | ||||
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