Table 2 Assessment of loading, composite...

Table 2

Assessment of loading, composite reliability and convergent validity

Constructs/Items	Loadings	CA	CR	AVE	VIF	Source
BDA-AI capabilities		0.917	0.934	0.669	1.028	Bag et al. (2021)
BAI1: Using BDA-AI, our company can easily integrate information from different data sources	0.756
BAI2: Our firm routinely uses data visualisation techniques to assist users or decision-makers in understanding complex information	0.796
BAI3: Our firm dashboards allow us to decompose information to help root cause analysis and focus on continuous improvement	0.830
BAI4: Our firm has optimised resource usage and utilised assets better by leveraging BDA-AI	0.811
BAI5: Recycling options have increased by leveraging BDA-AI	0.829
BAI6: The BDA-AI project is led by experts, and everyone follows the timelines strictly	0.826
BAI7: BDA-AI project goals are reviewed regularly based on the dynamic business environment	0.870
Service innovation		0.882	0.914	0.680	1.372	Wang et al. (2022)
SEI1: Our firm has introduced many new services to the market	0.763
SEI2: Our firm has introduced many modifications to the existing services	0.835
SEI3: Our firm constantly seeks find new services	0.860
SEI4: Our firm has introduced more new services than other firms that offer similar services	0.864
SEI5: The new services our firm introduced have caused significant changes in the industry	0.796
Organisational resilience		0.924	0.939	0.688	1.016	Yu et al. (2024)
ORR1: Given other firms' business partnerships, our firm has developed appropriate ways for the unexpected	0.780
ORR2: Our firm engages in frequent practice and testing of our emergency plans to ensure their effectiveness	0.779
ORR3: Our firm focuses on our ability to respond to uncertain situations	0.857
ORR4: Our firm actively monitors our industry to identify the early warning signs of crises	0.851
ORR5: Our firm has sufficient resources to withstand the impact of unexpected emergencies	0.817
ORR6: If primary responsible persons are unavailable, our firm can always find other stakeholders to fill their roles	0.861
ORR7: Our firm has strong leadership to lead us to sustain future crises	0.857
Distribution efficiency		0.943	0.953	0.717	1.205
DIE1: Our firm is able to improve inventory accuracy to track stock levels in real-time	0.878					El Bhilat et al. (2024)
DIE2: Our firm can easily modify warehouse space	0.873
DIE3: Our firm offers sustainable packaging that is physically designed to optimise materials and energy	0.867
DIE4: Deliveries in our firm are able to adjust/modify their routes based on changes in customer demand	0.881
DIE5: Our firm can manage outbound transportation by reducing empty miles	0.794
DIE6: Our firm is able to efficiently manage the return of goods	0.791
DIE7: Our firm is able to respond to customer requests without delay	0.859
DIE8: Our firm is able to ship different types of high-quality products in good condition	0.827
Operational performance		0.890	0.919	0.696	1.342	El Bhilat et al. (2024)
OPP1: Ability to reduce manufacturing operating costs	0.858
OPP2: Ability to execute a perfect order (i.e. complete, without delay and damage)	0.887
OPP3: Improvement in sales share	0.862
OPP4: Improvement in market share	0.793
OPP5: Improvement of the product image	0.763
BDA-AI risk concerns		0.919	0.937	0.712	1.109	Rana et al. (2022)
RIC1: Our firm does not have enough technology competency to fully adopt an AI-integrated business analytics solution	0.860
RIC2: Our firm thinks AI cannot be used for important decision-making purposes	0.862
RIC3: Our firm believes AI-integrated business analytics solutions may not be a technology risk for our firm	0.799
RIC4: AI-integrated business analytics solutions may not pose security challenges to our firm	0.809
RIC5: Appropriate security should not be in place before our firm can fully adopt an AI-integrated business analytics solution	0.891
RIC6: Our firm does not have the appropriate security mechanism to adopt AI-integrated business analytics solutions in our firm fully	0.837

Constructs/Items	Loadings	CA	CR	AVE	VIF	Source
BDA-AI capabilities		0.917	0.934	0.669	1.028	Bag et al. (2021)
BAI1: Using BDA-AI, our company can easily integrate information from different data sources	0.756
BAI2: Our firm routinely uses data visualisation techniques to assist users or decision-makers in understanding complex information	0.796
BAI3: Our firm dashboards allow us to decompose information to help root cause analysis and focus on continuous improvement	0.830
BAI4: Our firm has optimised resource usage and utilised assets better by leveraging BDA-AI	0.811
BAI5: Recycling options have increased by leveraging BDA-AI	0.829
BAI6: The BDA-AI project is led by experts, and everyone follows the timelines strictly	0.826
BAI7: BDA-AI project goals are reviewed regularly based on the dynamic business environment	0.870
Service innovation		0.882	0.914	0.680	1.372	Wang et al. (2022)
SEI1: Our firm has introduced many new services to the market	0.763
SEI2: Our firm has introduced many modifications to the existing services	0.835
SEI3: Our firm constantly seeks find new services	0.860
SEI4: Our firm has introduced more new services than other firms that offer similar services	0.864
SEI5: The new services our firm introduced have caused significant changes in the industry	0.796
Organisational resilience		0.924	0.939	0.688	1.016	Yu et al. (2024)
ORR1: Given other firms' business partnerships, our firm has developed appropriate ways for the unexpected	0.780
ORR2: Our firm engages in frequent practice and testing of our emergency plans to ensure their effectiveness	0.779
ORR3: Our firm focuses on our ability to respond to uncertain situations	0.857
ORR4: Our firm actively monitors our industry to identify the early warning signs of crises	0.851
ORR5: Our firm has sufficient resources to withstand the impact of unexpected emergencies	0.817
ORR6: If primary responsible persons are unavailable, our firm can always find other stakeholders to fill their roles	0.861
ORR7: Our firm has strong leadership to lead us to sustain future crises	0.857
Distribution efficiency		0.943	0.953	0.717	1.205
DIE1: Our firm is able to improve inventory accuracy to track stock levels in real-time	0.878					El Bhilat et al. (2024)
DIE2: Our firm can easily modify warehouse space	0.873
DIE3: Our firm offers sustainable packaging that is physically designed to optimise materials and energy	0.867
DIE4: Deliveries in our firm are able to adjust/modify their routes based on changes in customer demand	0.881
DIE5: Our firm can manage outbound transportation by reducing empty miles	0.794
DIE6: Our firm is able to efficiently manage the return of goods	0.791
DIE7: Our firm is able to respond to customer requests without delay	0.859
DIE8: Our firm is able to ship different types of high-quality products in good condition	0.827
Operational performance		0.890	0.919	0.696	1.342	El Bhilat et al. (2024)
OPP1: Ability to reduce manufacturing operating costs	0.858
OPP2: Ability to execute a perfect order (i.e. complete, without delay and damage)	0.887
OPP3: Improvement in sales share	0.862
OPP4: Improvement in market share	0.793
OPP5: Improvement of the product image	0.763
BDA-AI risk concerns		0.919	0.937	0.712	1.109	Rana et al. (2022)
RIC1: Our firm does not have enough technology competency to fully adopt an AI-integrated business analytics solution	0.860
RIC2: Our firm thinks AI cannot be used for important decision-making purposes	0.862
RIC3: Our firm believes AI-integrated business analytics solutions may not be a technology risk for our firm	0.799
RIC4: AI-integrated business analytics solutions may not pose security challenges to our firm	0.809
RIC5: Appropriate security should not be in place before our firm can fully adopt an AI-integrated business analytics solution	0.891
RIC6: Our firm does not have the appropriate security mechanism to adopt AI-integrated business analytics solutions in our firm fully	0.837

Note(s): CA = Cronbach's alpha; CR = Composite reliability; AVE = Average variance extracted; FC = Full collinearity

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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