Limited integration of digital immersion technologies (e.g., AR/VR, metaverse) into mainstream educational curricula; most studies are exploratory (Akinradewo et al., 2024; Makrakis, 2024)

Lack of cross-country comparative studies on teachers' self-efficacy in ICT adoption (Makrakis, 2024)

Insufficient research on the long-term sustainability effects of digital transformation in industry and higher education (Hossain et al., 2020; Giovanni, 2023)

Need for scaling experimental solutions (e.g., 3D-printed geo-polymeric lattices) into real-world industrial adoption (Almeida et al., 2024)

Lack of interdisciplinary approaches linking knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship with SDGs implementation (Gifford and McKelvey, 2019)

Few studies investigate AI-driven optimisation of sustainable production processes (Dostani et al., 2024)

Scarce research integrating digital twin frameworks with AI/ML models for large-scale urban sustainability planning (Shehadeh et al., 2024)

Insufficient empirical studies on the impact of solar energy modelling in developing economies (Ryali et al., 2024)

Limited comparative evidence on urban energy models across diverse climatic zones (Santos et al., 2021)

Inadequate frameworks for measuring the sustainability of metaverse tourism beyond profitability (Go and Kang, 2023)

Lack of studies connecting Internet of Behaviour (IoB) with sustainable operations in tourism supply chains (Dolgui and Ivanov, 2025)

Absence of research on ethical implications of AI-driven tourism experiences in metaverse settings (Raman et al., 2024)

Scarce longitudinal datasets for predictive modelling of water quality trends (Molekoa et al., 2019; Duc et al., 2023)

Limited integration of neural network models with hydro-geochemical processes for decision-making (Spiller et al., 2023)

Lack of research connecting climate change impacts with agricultural water sustainability (Hathat et al., 2024)

Limited exploration of circular economy practices in additive manufacturing (Sanasee and Hwang, 2024)

Lack of cross-sectoral studies on the impact of 3D printing on SDG achievement (Alami et al., 2023)

Need for empirical research on geopolitical disruptions and supply chain resilience in green printing (Bednarski et al., 2025)

Limited evidence on community-based climate adaptation strategies in developing countries (Kumar et al., 2020)

Need for evaluation of VR-based climate education tools in real classrooms (Pimental and Kalyanaraman, 2023)

Scarce studies addressing barriers to disaster risk reduction technologies across different governance contexts (Wamsler and Johannessan, 2020)

Lack of research on long-term learning outcomes of VR and STEAM integration in sustainability education (Hsiao and Su, 2021)

Limited exploration of indigenous knowledge systems and their integration into virtual learning platforms (Dasgupta et al., 2023)

Few bibliometric studies on the role of governance in sustainable learning environments (Filho et al., 2023)

Lack of scalable studies validating low-cost maternal health technologies (Candidoiri et al., 2024)

Few interdisciplinary investigations linking climate variability with maternal health outcomes (Assefa et al., 2018)

Scarce studies addressing sanitation and hygiene behaviour change interventions in rural contexts (Friedrich et al., 2020)

Limited application of AI/3D technologies in micro-scale urban resilience planning (He et al., 2024; Macatuld and Biljicki, 2024)

Need for more case studies on eco-architectural designs and biodiversity conservation (Esenarro et al., 2023)

Few empirical studies connect urban microanalysis with climate adaptation outcomes (Whitmore, 2023)

Scarce empirical evidence on the adoption of AI-driven geotechnical mapping in developing countries

Lack of studies integrating resilient construction technologies with cultural heritage preservation (Xiao et al., 2018)

Few explorations on the metaverse's potential in sustainable urban planning (Dorostkar and Najarasadeghi, 2023)